Gendered Inequities in Agriculture: A Spatio-Economic Study of Women’s Challenges in Sonipat District

Abstract

This study investigates the persistent gender-based disparities in the agricultural sector of Sonipat district, Haryana, with a specific focus on unequal pay, limited access to education and training, and economic marginalization of women. Despite women’s extensive contributions to both crop cultivation and allied sectors such as dairy farming, they remain underpaid and excluded from income control and decision-making processes. A 2024 primary survey reveals that women earn 30–40% less than men for performing similar or more labor-intensive agricultural tasks. Furthermore, women account for over 80% of dairy-related labor yet lack access to the financial benefits. Spatial analysis across eight blocks shows significant disparities, with Mundlana, Kathura, and Gohana exhibiting the highest inequality in wages and restricted access to education and skill development. Cultural constraints and the digital divide further exacerbate the invisibility and disempowerment of women in rural agricultural contexts. The findings highlight the need for targeted reforms, including wage parity, educational investment, credit access, and institutional recognition of women’s roles in agriculture. This study underscores the critical need for inclusive agricultural policy and gender-responsive governance to ensure sustainable rural development and women’s empowerment.