Review Paper on Authentication Information In Digital Watermarking and Stenography Technique
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Abstract
The rapid expansion of digital communication and multimedia data sharing over open and insecure networks has increased the risk of unauthorized access, data tampering, and copyright violations. Ensuring the authenticity and integrity of digital content has therefore become a critical requirement in modern information security systems. Digital watermarking and steganography are two prominent information hiding techniques widely employed for embedding authentication information into multimedia content such as images, audio, and video. Digital watermarking primarily aims at copyright protection, ownership verification, and tamper detection by embedding robust or fragile authentication marks within the host signal. In contrast, steganography focuses on concealing secret authentication data in an imperceptible manner, enabling covert communication without raising suspicion.
This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of authentication mechanisms based on digital watermarking and steganography techniques. Various spatial and transform domain approaches, including Least Significant Bit (LSB), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), are examined with respect to imperceptibility, robustness, and security. Performance evaluation metrics such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), payload capacity, and Bit Error Rate (BER) are discussed to assess authentication effectiveness. Furthermore, recent advancements incorporating cryptographic hashing, hybrid watermarking–steganography frameworks, and machine learning techniques are reviewed. The paper highlights key challenges, including robustness–imperceptibility trade-offs and computational complexity, and outlines future research directions for developing secure and intelligent authentication systems in multimedia applications.
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