Dietary Patterns and Vitamin B12–Folate Axis in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Analysis
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction:
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder that occurs during pregnancy. GDM has been related to adverse maternal and child health. Dietary patterns and levels of micronutrients such as vitamin B12 and folate have been identified as key modifiable risk factors for GDM. However, there has been little research on the combined impact of these factors, particularly in Indian women.
Methodology:
A comparative cross-sectional study design was followed among a sample of 200 pregnant women, comprising 100 GDM and 100 non-GDM pregnant women. The study participants were recruited from the districts of Kurukshetra and Karnal. Data collection was conducted based on socio-demographic variables, dietary intake by the use of a 24-hour recall method and food frequency method, and biochemical variables such as vitamin B12 and folate levels.
Results:
The GDM subjects had significantly higher energy, carbohydrate, and fat intakes, whereas they had lower folate and vitamin B12 intakes. The GDM subjects also had lower fruit, dairy product, and green leafy vegetable intakes, whereas they had higher cereal and sweet food intakes. The prevalence of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies was higher in GDM women. High BMI, lower vitamin B12, lower folate, higher carbohydrate, and lower fruit intakes were significant predictors of GDM, as confirmed by logistic regression analysis.
Discussion:
The findings of the study, therefore, suggest that dietary imbalance, as well as deficiencies of various micronutrients, contribute to the development of GDM. The interaction of vitamin B12 and folate levels may affect metabolic pathways, leading to insulin resistance. Nutritional imbalance, therefore, adds to the risk of developing GDM.
Conclusion:
It is observed that there is a strong association between dietary habits, micronutrients, and GDM risk. Improvement of dietary quality and adequate intake of vitamin B12 and folate may be helpful in reducing the burden of GDM. Nutritional interventions and screening of micronutrients should be undertaken to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
Article Details
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