Challenges of Secularism in Contemporary Indian Politics

Abstract

Secularism in contemporary Indian politics remains a vital yet increasingly contested constitutional principle aimed at ensuring equality, religious freedom, and social harmony in a diverse society. This study examines the evolving nature of Indian secularism, highlighting its distinct model of “equal respect for all religions” in contrast to the Western notion of strict separation between religion and state. It provides an overview of Indian political structure and explores how factors such as caste, religion, and regional identities influence governance. The paper critically reviews existing literature to understand the growing challenges to secularism, including politicization of religion, communal polarization, and the rise of majoritarian ideologies. It further analyzes recent trends such as the use of religious identity in electoral politics, increasing communal tensions, mob vigilantism, and the impact of digital misinformation. Legislative debates like the Uniform Civil Code and laws such as the Citizenship Amendment Act are also examined for their implications on secular values. The study concludes that secularism in India is an evolving and fragile concept, requiring stronger institutional mechanisms, inclusive policies, and societal awareness to uphold democratic principles and maintain unity in diversity.