International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT)
The International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) is a peer-reviewed-refereed, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research across a broad spectrum of academic disciplines. Established in 2024, the journal aims to provide a platform for scholars, researchers, and professionals from various fields to share their innovative findings and contribute to global knowledge. Journal particulars: Title: International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) ISSN: 3048-9458 Impact Factor: 7.2 Frequency: Quarterly (4 issues per year) Publisher: Publication and Advance Research Welfare Society Publication Place: Hisar, Haryana Publisher Email: ijarmtjournal@gmail.com Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Anjali Khokhar Copyright: Remain Journal Starting Year: 2024 Main Subject: Multidisciplinary Language: English & Hindi Publication Format: Online (Open Access) Website: https://ijarmt.com UGC Approved Journal : as per New UGC Rules
Publication and Advance Research Welfare Society
Indian climate diplomacy: A soft power tool
Climate change is currently a significant issue in international relations in today's world, as it impacts development, security, the economy, global cooperation, and public health. From this perspective, the significance of India's climate diplomacy as a key soft power instrument for its country's mission to build its international image, advance its developmental interests and play a role in international climate governance has come to the fore. The principles of climate justice, equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and sustainable development are the core tenets of India's climate diplomacy. Rather than climate action being an environmental issue, India has leveraged it as a diplomacy tool to position itself as a responsible, cooperative and solution-oriented global player. The International Solar Alliance, Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, Mission LiFE and India's involvement in the G20 climate agenda are but a few examples of how India's commitment to renewable energy, disaster resilience, civilizational values and Global South concerns come together. Other home-grown initiatives like the expansion of renewable energy, the planning of green hydrogen, rooftop solar schemes and climate policy transformation further bolster India's international credibility. The study demonstrates that India's climate diplomacy is not only about reducing emissions but also a policy of enlightenment with moral leadership, institutional collaboration, ideas of sustainable lifestyle and development partnership. In this way, Indian climate diplomacy can be seen as a contemporary soft power in the new order of the world.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
निजी एवं सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के कर्मचारियों में कार्य संतुष्टि तथा कौशल उन्नयन के स्तर का तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण
प्रथम शोध पत्र में निजी एवं सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के कर्मचारियों की कार्य संतुष्टि तथा कौशल उन्नयन के स्तर का पृथक-पृथक तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत किया गया था, जिसमें यह पाया गया था कि सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के कर्मचारी कार्य संतुष्टि में तथा निजी क्षेत्र के कर्मचारी कौशल उन्नयन में अपेक्षाकृत आगे हैं। प्रस्तुत द्वितीय शोध पत्र इसी अध्ययन शृंखला की अगली कड़ी है, जिसका उद्देश्य निजी एवं सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के कर्मचारियों के कार्य संतुष्टि एवं कौशल उन्नयन के समग्र स्तर की तुलना करना, दोनों चरों के मध्य सहसंबंध का विश्लेषण करना तथा कौशल उन्नयन से संबंधित प्रमुख चुनौतियों एवं कार्य संतुष्टि बढ़ाने हेतु सुझाए गए समाधानों की पहचान करना है। अध्ययन उन्हीं पांच सौ कर्मचारियों, ढाई सौ निजी क्षेत्र एवं ढाई सौ सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र, के न्यादर्श पर आधारित है, जिनका उपयोग प्रथम शोध पत्र में किया गया था। आंकड़ों के विश्लेषण हेतु संयुक्त सूचकांक टी-परीक्षण, पियर्सन सहसंबंध, फिशर जेड परीक्षण तथा प्रतिशत आधारित रैंकिंग तकनीकों का प्रयोग किया गया। परिणामों से ज्ञात होता है कि कार्य संतुष्टि एवं कौशल उन्नयन के मध्य मध्यम स्तर का सकारात्मक सहसंबंध पाया गया, जो निजी क्षेत्र में सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की तुलना में अधिक प्रबल है। समय की कमी, तकनीकी संसाधनों का अभाव तथा वित्तीय सीमाएं कौशल उन्नयन की प्रमुख चुनौतियों के रूप में सामने आईं, जबकि नियमित वेतन समीक्षा तथा नियमित कौशल प्रशिक्षण को कार्य संतुष्टि बढ़ाने के सर्वाधिक प्रभावी समाधानों के रूप में चिन्हित किया गया।
Synergizing Artificial Intelligence with Green Startups: An Integrated Model for ESG Performance Optimization
The modern business landscape defined is by rapid technological evolution and growing environmental issues, the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence into the sustainable emerging ventures or green start-ups has surfaced as a revolutionary factor. Green start-ups are the organisations that emphasize environmentally sustainable method while aiming for economic sustainability. The implementation of AI mechanisms such as automation, machine learning and predictive analytics has facilitated these start-ups to improve their internal efficiency and co-ordinate their approaches with Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) foundations. This study implements, descriptive and theoretical methodology to analyse how AI supports ESG performance in green start-ups. Leveraging existing information or secondary data from academic publications, organizational reports and industry findings, the enquiry distinguishes key thematic areas where AI creates benefit. The results disclose that AI substantially improves environmental sustainability through efficient resource management, solidifies social obligation by enhancing stakeholder interaction and support governance through increased clarity and responsibility. However, the study also emphasises on crucial obstacles including moral issues, data Reliance, and technological obstructions, which may obstruct the productive execution of AI. The research summarises that AI win calculatedly combined act as a productive facilitator of sustainable entrepreneurship, providing both strategic edge and enduring societal advantages.
Effect of Cervical Traction and Exercise Therapy in the Management of Cervical Radiculopathy: A Case Study
Background: Cervical radiculopathy is a clinical condition in which irritation or compression of a cervical nerve root produces neck pain with radiating arm pain, paraesthesia, sensory alteration, reflex change, or weakness in a myotomal pattern. It commonly arises from intervertebral disc protrusion, foraminal narrowing, spondylotic degeneration, or combined mechanical and inflammatory factors. Conservative physiotherapy is widely used when there is no progressive neurological deficit or red-flag pathology. Cervical traction is intended to reduce foraminal compression and nerve-root irritation, while exercise therapy aims to restore mobility, improve deep cervical and scapular muscle control, correct posture, and promote self-management. Clinical guidelines support a multimodal approach in chronic neck pain with radiating pain, including intermittent mechanical traction combined with stretching, strengthening, and mobilization-based exercise when clinically indicated.4 Presentation of Case: This case study describes a 38-year-old male office worker who presented with right-sided neck pain radiating to the lateral forearm and thumb for six weeks. Symptoms increased during prolonged computer work, mobile phone use, overhead activity, and sustained neck extension. The patient reported disturbed sleep, reduced work tolerance, difficulty driving for long periods, and fear of arm weakness. Examination suggested C6 nerve root involvement with restricted cervical range of motion, positive Spurling test, positive upper limb tension test, relief with cervical distraction, reduced biceps reflex, and mild weakness of wrist extensors. Magnetic resonance imaging showed posterolateral disc protrusion at C5-C6 with right foraminal narrowing. The patient was medically stable and suitable for conservative physiotherapy. Intervention: The patient received a six-week physiotherapy programme consisting of intermittent mechanical cervical traction and progressive exercise therapy. Traction was administered in supine with cervical flexion of approximately 15 to 20 degrees, beginning with low to moderate pull and progressing according to symptom response. Exercise therapy included pain-free cervical mobility, chin tuck and deep cervical flexor activation, scapular setting, pectoral and upper trapezius stretching, thoracic extension mobility, median nerve sliding, isometric strengthening, resisted scapulothoracic training, postural correction, ergonomic education, and a structured home exercise schedule. Outcome Measures: Outcome assessment included Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Neck Disability Index, cervical range of motion by goniometric estimation, upper limb tension test response, Spurling and distraction test response, grip strength, sleep disturbance, work tolerance, and Patient-Specific Functional Scale. The same measures were recorded at baseline, week three, and week six. Results: The patient completed the treatment programme without adverse response. Neck pain reduced from 7/10 to 2/10, arm pain reduced from 8/10 to 1/10, and Neck Disability Index improved from 42% to 14%. Cervical rotation, lateral flexion, and extension improved, paraesthesia became occasional and mild, upper limb tension test irritability reduced, and functional tolerance for computer work, driving, and sleep improved. Grip strength and confidence in arm use also improved. Conclusion: Cervical traction combined with exercise therapy produced clinically meaningful improvement in pain, disability, neural irritability, posture, and functional tolerance in this patient with cervical radiculopathy. The case supports individualized multimodal physiotherapy when red flags and progressive neurological deficit are absent.
Effect of Gait Training on Functional Recovery in a Patient with Left Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Stroke: A Case Study
Background: Stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery commonly produces right hemiparesis with impaired selective motor control, reduced balance reactions, asymmetrical weight bearing, slow walking, poor endurance, and difficulty in daily mobility. Gait training is a central component of neurophysiotherapy because walking ability determines independence in transfers, toileting, household ambulation, community participation, and return to family roles. A structured gait programme combines postural preparation, task-specific stepping, stance control, rhythmic practice, feedback, strength training, balance activities, and progressive functional walking tasks. This case study describes the effect of gait training on functional recovery in a patient with left MCA stroke. Presentation of Case: A 57-year-old right-handed male presented to the physiotherapy department six weeks after a first-ever left MCA ischemic stroke. He had right-sided weakness, mild expressive speech difficulty, reduced confidence in standing, and dependence for indoor walking. He was medically stable, alert, cooperative, and able to follow simple verbal and visual instructions. The main complaints were dragging of the right foot, reduced stance time on the right lower limb, fear of falling, difficulty turning, inability to climb stairs independently, and fatigue after short walking distance. Intervention: The patient received six weeks of supervised gait training, five sessions per week, with each session lasting approximately forty-five to sixty minutes. Treatment included trunk alignment, sit-to-stand practice, supported weight shifting, affected-limb loading, stepping drills, ankle dorsiflexor facilitation, knee control training, overground gait practice, treadmill walking with safety support, visual cueing, obstacle negotiation, stair practice, endurance walking, and a structured home programme. Progression was guided by quality of movement, safety, fatigue, balance response, walking speed, and functional carryover into daily activities. Outcome Measures: Functional recovery was documented using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Lower Extremity, Berg Balance Scale, Functional Ambulation Category, Ten-Meter Walk Test, Timed Up and Go Test, Six-Minute Walk Test, Modified Ashworth Scale, and a therapist-maintained functional mobility log covering transfers, indoor walking, turning, stair activity, and household participation. Results: At the end of six weeks, the patient demonstrated measurable improvement in lower limb motor control, standing balance, walking independence, gait speed, endurance, and confidence. The Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity score increased from 18/34 to 27/34, the Berg Balance Scale score increased from 28/56 to 44/56, Functional Ambulation Category improved from 2 to 4, self-selected gait speed improved from 0.28 m/s to 0.64 m/s, Timed Up and Go reduced from 42 seconds to 24 seconds, and Six-Minute Walk distance increased from 82 m to 186 m. Qualitatively, right foot clearance, step length symmetry, turning control, and transfer independence improved. Conclusion: The case findings indicate that structured, progressive, and task-oriented gait training can improve functional recovery after left MCA stroke. Combining preparatory postural control with repetitive walking practice helped the patient progress from assisted household ambulation to supervised independent indoor mobility with improved safety and participation.
Inclusion: A Powerful Tool for Implementation of New India Literacy Programme (NILP)
Literacy is an imperative factor for countries for overall development and growth. Literacy is a powerful tool for any human being to achieve dignity and fundamental rights. It builds resilience and ensures quality in life as well as builds more powerful, equitable and inclusive sustainable society. In 1951 literacy rate of India is 18.3%. National Survey Report revealed that literacy rate in India in 2022 is 77.7%. India is continuously making changes in its education system to achieve 100% literacy rate by 2047.New India Literacy Programme (NILP) under NEP2020 is the latest scheme launched to cater the needs of various adult learners. Despite of various challenges and diverse learners, India is improving year by year. This paper focuses about the role of inclusion to boost literacy rate in India. It also discusses significance, relevance and importance of literacy, inclusive practices to increase literacy rates as well as challenges to face to meet the Goal of Universal Literacy by 2047.
Effectiveness of A Psychoeducational Intervention on Psychological Well-Being and Stress Management Among Adults in Bhopal: A Pre-Test Post-Test Study
Background: Mental health disorders represent a significant public health challenge in India, with urban populations facing unique stressors related to rapid urbanization, occupational demands, and socio-economic pressures. Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, has witnessed increasing mental health concerns among its residents, yet community-based psychological interventions remain limited. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured psychoeducational intervention on psychological well-being, perceived stress, and coping strategies among adults residing in Bhopal. Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was adopted. A total of 60 adults (age 21–45 years) were selected from urban localities of Bhopal using non-probability convenient sampling technique. A comprehensive structured questionnaire comprising the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and Brief COPE inventory was administered before and after a four-week psychoeducational intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including paired t-tests. Results: The mean pre-test psychological well-being score was 52.4 (SD = 8.6), which significantly increased to 68.7 (SD = 7.2) in the post-test (t = 14.32, p < 0.001). Perceived stress scores decreased from a mean of 32.1 (SD = 6.8) to 22.4 (SD = 5.9) (t = 13.87, p < 0.001). Significant improvements were also observed in adaptive coping strategies, with problem-focused coping scores increasing from 18.3 (SD = 4.2) to 24.6 (SD = 3.8) (t = 11.45, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The structured psychoeducational intervention was found to be effective in enhancing psychological well-being, reducing perceived stress, and promoting adaptive coping strategies among adults in Bhopal. The findings underscore the need for integrating community-based psychological interventions into urban public health frameworks.
A Comprehensive Review of Intelligent Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Grid-Integrated Tidal Energy Conversion Systems
With the increasing importance of clean and dependable energy production methods, interest in marine renewable energy sources has greatly increased in recent years, particularly tidal energy owing to its predictability and energy density. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods have to be sophisticated in order to extract tidal energy effectively under varying tidal current conditions. This review presents an in-depth study of tidal energy conversion systems along with their MPPT methods and modern optimization techniques. The functioning principles of tidal turbines, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs), converters, and grid integration systems are investigated in the work. Comparison of classical MPPT methods (TSR, OTC, and HCS) is provided and their deficiencies under dynamic operating conditions are discussed. In addition, modern advances in intelligent optimization techniques such as Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Fuzzy Logic (FL), and Reinforcement Learning (RL) is investigated in terms of accuracy, speed of convergence, harvesting efficiency, and stability of the system.
Md Abdul Razzaque, Dr. Abhimanyu Kumar, Dr. Chirag Gupta
कोटरी नदी बेसिन में भूमि उपयोग प्रतिरूप का अध्ययन
भूमि उपयोग प्रतिरूप किसी भी नदी बेसिन की भौगोलिक संरचना, प्राकृतिक संसाधन संपदा, पारिस्थितिकीय संतुलन तथा सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास की दिशा और दशा का दर्पण होता है। वर्तमान शोध का उद्देश्य छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य स्थित कोटरी नदी बेसिन के चयनित विकासखण्डों में विद्यमान भूमि उपयोग प्रतिरूप का बहुआयामी, मात्रात्मक एवं सांख्यिकीय विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करना है। अध्ययन क्षेत्र का अक्षांशीय विस्तार 19°13′30″ से 20°43′00″ उत्तर तथा देशांतर विस्तार 80°22′00″ से 82°00′15″ पूर्व के मध्य अवस्थित है। अनुसंधान में बहु-स्तरीय यादृच्छिक निदर्शन पद्धति के माध्यम से 400 उत्तरदाताओं का चयन किया गया। प्रत्येक चयनित विकासखण्ड से एक ग्राम पंचायत तथा प्रत्येक ग्राम पंचायत से तीन ग्रामों का चयन कर प्राथमिक आँकड़ों का संकलन संरचित अनुसूची एवं प्रश्नावली द्वारा किया गया, जबकि द्वितीयक आँकड़े भू-अभिलेख कार्यालय, राजस्व अभिलेख, जनगणना प्रतिवेदन, उपग्रह चित्रों तथा भौगोलिक सूचना प्रणाली आधारित स्रोतों से प्राप्त किए गए। संकलित आँकड़ों का विश्लेषण वर्णनात्मक सांख्यिकी, प्रतिशत विश्लेषण, काई-वर्ग परीक्षण तथा अन्य उपयुक्त सांख्यिकीय तकनीकों के माध्यम से किया गया। अध्ययन के निष्कर्ष इंगित करते हैं कि कृषि भूमि अध्ययन क्षेत्र की प्रमुख भूमि उपयोग श्रेणी है, जबकि वनाच्छादित क्षेत्र, परती भूमि, बंजर भूमि एवं अधिवासीय क्षेत्र का वितरण विकासखण्डों के अनुसार उल्लेखनीय स्थानिक विविधता प्रदर्शित करता है। सांख्यिकीय परीक्षणों से यह भी प्रमाणित हुआ कि विभिन्न विकासखण्डों के मध्य भूमि उपयोग प्रतिरूप में सांख्यिकीय रूप से सार्थक अंतर विद्यमान है। यह स्थिति प्राकृतिक भौगोलिक परिस्थितियों, स्थलाकृतिक विविधताओं, संसाधन उपलब्धता, जनसंख्या दबाव तथा मानवीय हस्तक्षेप के संयुक्त प्रभाव को परिलक्षित करती है। अध्ययन के निष्कर्ष सतत् भूमि संसाधन प्रबंधन, नदी बेसिन आधारित क्षेत्रीय नियोजन, कृषि भूमि संरक्षण, पारिस्थितिकीय संतुलन की पुनर्स्थापना तथा भौगोलिक सूचना प्रणाली आधारित निर्णय-निर्माण के लिए नीतिगत रूप से उपयोगी आधार प्रदान करते हैं। यह शोध कोटरी नदी बेसिन में भूमि उपयोग परिवर्तन की वैज्ञानिक समझ विकसित करने के साथ-साथ भावी क्षेत्रीय विकास योजनाओं एवं पर्यावरणीय प्रबंधन रणनीतियों के निर्माण में भी महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान प्रदान करता है।
मोदी युग में भारतीय विदेश नीति और वैश्विक दक्षिण में भारत की भूमिकाः 2014 से वर्तमान तक
वर्ष 2014 के बाद भारतीय विदेश नीति के स्वरूप में स्पष्ट परिवर्तन दिखाई देता है। इस अवधि में भारत की विदेश नीति अधिक सक्रिय, बहुआयामी, व्यावहारिक और वैश्विक नेतृत्व की ओर उन्मुख हुई है। प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी के नेतृत्व में भारत ने अपनी विदेश नीति को केवल द्विपक्षीय संबंधों तक सीमित न रखकर क्षेत्रीय सहयोग, वैश्विक साझेदारी और विकासशील देशों के हितों से जोड़ा। “पड़ोसी प्रथम”, “एक्ट ईस्ट”, “सागर”, “वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्” और “विश्वबंधु” जैसी अवधारणाओं ने भारत की कूटनीतिक सोच को नई दिशा प्रदान की। इस दौर में भारत ने दक्षिण एशिया, हिंद-प्रशांत क्षेत्र, अफ्रीका, लैटिन अमेरिका और छोटे द्वीपीय देशों के साथ संबंधों को मजबूत करने का प्रयास किया। वैश्विक दक्षिण के संदर्भ में भारत ने स्वयं को विकासशील देशों की आवाज के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया। वर्ष 2023 में जी-20 अध्यक्षता के दौरान भारत ने खाद्य सुरक्षा, ऊर्जा संकट, ऋण-संकट, जलवायु न्याय, स्वास्थ्य सुरक्षा, डिजिटल सार्वजनिक अवसंरचना और बहुपक्षीय संस्थाओं में सुधार जैसे मुद्दों को प्रमुखता दी। अफ्रीकी संघ को जी-20 का स्थायी सदस्य बनवाने में भारत की भूमिका वैश्विक दक्षिण के प्रतिनिधित्व की दृष्टि से अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण रही। इसी प्रकार “वॉयस ऑफ ग्लोबल साउथ समिट” के माध्यम से भारत ने विकासशील देशों की चिंताओं को अंतरराष्ट्रीय विमर्श के केंद्र में लाने का प्रयास किया। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र 2014 से वर्तमान तक मोदी युग में भारतीय विदेश नीति की बदलती दिशा, प्राथमिकताओं और वैश्विक दक्षिण में भारत की भूमिका का विश्लेषण करता है।
Exploring the Role of Nanomaterials in Improving Solar Cell Efficiency
Despite the fact that solar PV technology plays a key role in the global shift to renewable energy, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of traditional silicon-based PV cells is limited by inherent optical and electronic losses, including the Shockley–Queisser limit. In the last ten years, the use of light trapping, light absorption, charge separation and charge transport nanomaterials, such as quantum dots, perovskite nanocrystals, carbon nanotubes, graphene, plasmonic nanoparticles and nanostructured metal oxides, have been identified as a promising way to address these challenges. In this paper, the potential of utilizing nanomaterials to enhance solar cell efficiency is investigated by critically reviewing and analyzing secondary information obtained from peer-reviewed journals and publications from 2018 to 2025. The paper compares efficiency data from three types of quantum-dot sensitised solar cell, perovskite solar cell, dye-sensitised solar cell, and carbon-nanomaterial based solar cell, and puts these in perspective with the efficiency data for conventional silicon solar cells. Results suggest that the incorporation of nanomaterials has led to measurable improvements in efficiency over the years, with perovskite solar cells increasing from less than four percent in power conversion efficiency to more than twenty-five percent in just about a decade, and has imposed novel challenges in long-term stability, environmental toxicity and scalable manufacturing. The paper notes that nanomaterials hold the promise of a truly promising but still developing route towards next-generation PV, though further research is needed in the areas of durability, encapsulation, and cost-effective fabrication that will make it viable to enter into more widespread commercialization.
Reading Habits and Library Usage Pattern among College Students in Bhopal
Higher education cannot function without academic libraries, yet in the digital era, student reading habits are changing quickly. This research uses a thorough descriptive survey approach with a structured self-administered questionnaire to examine the reading habits and library use patterns of 100 college students in Bhopal. Chi-square, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the data using SPSS version 26.0 at a significance level of 0.05. The findings show that library use is primarily motivated by exams, with daily visits increasing from 8% during normal sessions to 45% during exam times. This difference was determined to be statistically significant (χ²=58.42, p<0.001). Due to less eye strain and improved attention, print materials continue to be the preferred medium for 47% of respondents, greatly outperforming digital forms (Z=-4.82, p<0.001). Student happiness and the frequency of library visits are somewhat positively correlated (r=0.42, p<0.001). Outdated book collections (38%), inadequate seats (48%), and poor internet access (45%) are the main obstacles. According to the study's findings, college libraries in Bhopal are mostly used for exams. Institutions must immediately fix infrastructure shortcomings, improve the availability of digital resources, and aggressively encourage information literacy among the student body in order to promote long-term academic engagement and lifetime reading habits.
An Analytical Investigation Of Academic Stress And Mental Health Among College Students In Higher Education
The issue of academic stress has become an important one among college students, since it is caused by high academic standards, exam pressure, heavy workloads and future career uncertainty, all of which may have a harmful effect on students' psychological state. The purpose of this research paper is to estimate the level of academic stress of students, to consider their mental health and to explore the connection between academic stress and mental health of students in higher education institutions. The research design used in this study was quantitative, descriptive and analytical. It included the cross-sectional survey method. Primary data were obtained from 150 undergraduate and graduate students of different programs by means of a structured questionnaire based on the five-point Likert scale. The collected data were processed through IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 26.0) by using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. As the result of the conducted research, it was found that there was a high level of academic stress among college students, where exam pressure, academic workload and assignment deadline were recognized as the main sources of stress. Besides, the respondents reported moderate to high level of mental health problems, including academic anxiety, emotional exhaustion, difficulties concentrating and sleeping problems. According to the results of correlation analysis, there was a significant negative correlation between academic stress and mental health, whereas, according to the results of regression analysis, academic stress turned out to be the significant predictor of students' psychological state. The research paper shows that the excessive academic stress has a harmful influence on the mental health of college students.
Postcolonial Hybridity And Existential Anxiety In Bharati Mukherjee's Desirable Daughters: An Analysis Of Diasporic Consciousness
This postcolonial hybridity and existential anxiety are explored in Bharati Mukherjee's Desirable Daughters with the perspective of the diasporic consciousness. It discusses the process of creating hybrid identities and psychological conflicts among migrants due to migration, cultural displacement and the encounter of India's tradition with its modernity. In this study a qualitative and interpretative method is used to capture or examine the experiences of alienation, displacement, negotiation of identity, development of the self, and cultural belonging of Tara, a postcolonial literary theory is used for the analysis. The findings reveal that diasporic identity is not fixed but fluid and continuously being built, unbuilt and rebuilt in various ways in the context of memory, migration, and in the context of transcultural encounters. The research also reveals the continuing process of the conflict between cultural values and the present social situation generating existential anxiety that forces people to engage in multiple negotiations of identity, and to seek to belong and be autonomous. It argues that Desirable Daughters is a rich depiction of postcolonial hybridity and diasporic consciousness and is a good example of complex processes of identity formation in multicultural and transnational contexts.
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Martynia annua L. Leaf Extracts
In the quest for natural antioxidants and antibacterial chemicals to fight oxidative stress and antimicrobial resistance, medicinal plants continue to be an essential source of innovative therapeutic agents. The goal of the current research was to assess the antibacterial potential, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical components of various solvent extracts of Martynia annua L. leaves. Petroleum ether, ethanol, and distilled water were used in cold maceration to create leaf extracts. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, and proteins were found in preliminary phytochemical screening; the ethanolic extract showed the widest range of secondary metabolites. The ethanol extract had the greatest total phenolic content (112.45 ± 3.28 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (68.74 ± 2.01 mg QE/g), according to quantitative estimate. The DPPH free-radical scavenging test was used to measure antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract showed a dose-dependent response with the lowest IC•₀ value of 45.23 µg/mL, while the aqueous extract had a value of 74.85 µg/mL. When Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were screened for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution, the ethanol extract demonstrated the strongest activity, with the largest zone of inhibition (18.14 ± 0.68 mm) and the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.625 mg/mL) against B. subtilis. There was very little action in the petroleum ether extract. These findings confirm the traditional therapeutic usage of M. annua and call for further separation and characterisation of its bioactive components. They also show that the ethanolic leaf extract of M. annua is a potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial phytochemicals.
Review paper on Power Quality of Bidirectional Rectifier for Electric Vehicle Charging System
The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has significantly increased the demand for efficient and grid-friendly charging infrastructures. Bidirectional rectifiers have emerged as a key technology in EV charging systems, enabling two-way power flow between the vehicle and the grid, commonly referred to as Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) operations. This bidirectional capability not only enhances energy utilization but also supports grid stability by allowing EVs to function as distributed energy storage systems. However, the integration of bidirectional rectifiers introduces critical power quality challenges, including harmonic distortion, poor power factor, voltage fluctuations, and increased electromagnetic interference. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of power quality issues associated with bidirectional rectifiers in EV charging systems. Various rectifier topologies such as PWM-based active front-end converters, multilevel rectifiers, and transformer-less configurations are examined in terms of their impact on total harmonic distortion (THD), efficiency, and power factor improvement. The study also highlights the limitations of conventional unidirectional rectifiers, which suffer from nonlinear behavior and degraded power quality, thereby emphasizing the advantages of active bidirectional designs. Furthermore, the paper reviews advanced control strategies, including power factor correction (PFC), adaptive controllers, and intelligent techniques, aimed at mitigating power quality issues and ensuring compliance with standards such as IEEE 519. The role of bidirectional converters in integrating renewable energy sources and stabilizing distribution networks is also discussed, particularly under high EV penetration scenarios.
Evolution of Crop Patterns in Haryana: A Comparative Study of Bajra and Jowar
The cropping pattern can be defined as the spatial sequence of cropping under various crops for a given area at a certain time. There have been a lot of changes which have taken place in cropping pattern of Haryana since Green revolution. The Haryana government has been encouraging the farmers to cultivate Bajra as a part of the crop diversification drive and procure Kharif at MSP. Haryana is the only state in the country where the government procure Bajra under MSP. The present paper is attempted to present an analytical account of Bajra and Jowar crops in the state of Haryana. The paper reveals the spatial and temporal variations in both the crops for the time period from period of green revolution to 2019-20. The data has been sourced from Statistical Abstract of Haryana. Secondary data from books, journals, periodicals etc. has been used to draw conclusions for the present paper. The paper finds that the change in cropping pattern of the crops has largely been affected by the changing market- oriented farming of the crops which has in turn, affected the soil fertility, nutritional value of crops and environment as well.
Plant Leaf Disease Detection using Deep Learning and Image Processing: A Systematic Review
Plant leaf diseases significantly affect agricultural productivity and crop quality worldwide, leading to major economic losses and food security challenges. Early and accurate detection of plant diseases is essential for improving crop management and reducing the excessive use of pesticides. In recent years, deep learning and image processing techniques have emerged as effective approaches for automated plant leaf disease detection due to their high accuracy and efficiency. This systematic review presents a comprehensive analysis of existing research on plant leaf disease detection using deep learning and image processing methods. The review discusses various stages involved in disease detection, including image acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification, and performance evaluation. Different machine learning and deep learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), ResNet, VGG, AlexNet, MobileNet, and hybrid optimization techniques are examined and compared based on accuracy, computational efficiency, and dataset utilization. The study also highlights commonly used datasets, challenges associated with real-time field conditions, image quality, class imbalance, and limitations of traditional disease identification methods. Furthermore, recent advancements in transfer learning, data augmentation, IoT-based monitoring systems, and smartphone-assisted disease diagnosis are discussed. The review concludes that deep learning-based approaches provide superior performance compared to conventional image processing methods and have strong potential for developing intelligent, real-time, and cost-effective agricultural disease management systems.
कौटिल्य के सप्ताङ्ग सिद्धान्त में 'योगक्षेम': सुशासन, सम्प्रभुता और लोक-कल्याण का एक आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण
कौटिल्य का अर्थशास्त्र प्राचीन भारतीय राज्यशास्त्र का एक ऐसा कालजयी ग्रंथ है, जो समकालीन राजनीतिक चिंतन और सुशासन (Good Governance) के सिद्धांतों को आज भी नई दिशा प्रदान करता है। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन कौटिल्य के 'सप्ताङ्ग सिद्धान्त' का पुनर्पाठ करते हुए यह प्रतिपादित करता है कि राज्य के सातों अङ्ग (स्वामी, अमात्य, जनपद, दुर्ग, कोश, दण्ड, मित्र) केवल यांत्रिक प्रशासनिक इकाइयाँ नहीं हैं, बल्कि उनका एकमात्र दार्शनिक और व्यावहारिक औचित्य प्रजा के 'योगक्षेम' (अप्राप्त संसाधनों का अर्जन और प्राप्त संसाधनों का संरक्षण व न्यायपूर्ण वितरण) को सिद्ध करना है। यह आलेख कौटिल्य के यथार्थवाद की तुलना पाश्चात्य यथार्थवादी परंपरा से करते हुए एंटोनियो ग्राम्शी, मिशेल फूको, मैक्स वेबर, कार्ल श्मिट, थॉमस हॉब्स, अरस्तू और जॉन रॉल्स जैसे आधुनिक राजनीतिक विचारकों के साथ एक आलोचनात्मक संवाद स्थापित करता है। यह विश्लेषण सिद्ध करता है कि कौटिल्य का शासन-मॉडल शुष्क शक्ति-राजनीति और अव्यावहारिक आदर्शवाद के परे 'नैतिक यथार्थवाद' (Normative Realism) पर आधारित लोक-कल्याणकारी राज्य का एक कालजयी और वैश्विक विकल्प प्रस्तुत करता है।
Urban Expansion and LULC Change in Shahbad City (2000–2020)
Urban expansion is one of the most significant spatial processes impacting land-use structure, environment and the socio-economic nature of developing towns. The present study aims at analyzing the dynamics, spatial distribution, influencing factors and impacts of urban growth in Shahbad City in 2000-2020. The changes occurring in major Land Use/Land Cover categories (built up area, agricultural land, open and fallow land, vegetated cover and green cover, and water bodies) were analyzed by remote sensing data and satellite imagery, and Geographic Information System techniques. The analysis indicates that the urban area has been expanding continuously from the core towards the north, south, east and west. Urban growth occurred along the major transport arteries, in small or leapfrog fashion on the urban fringe, within existing settlements and through intensification of the central area. The built-up area increased substantially from 64 in 2000 to 132 in 2010 and 218 in 2020. Agricultural land on the other hand decreased from 272 to 204 hectares and then to 148 hectares over the same timeframe. The green cover and vegetation area also reduced from 54 in 2000 to 34 in 2020 and open land and fallow land reduced to 68 in 2020 from 54 in 2000. The key factors of this change were found to be population growth, rural to urban migration, improved transportation, economic diversification, institutional development, and rising land values and real-estate activities. The results show that the rapid and somewhat unplanned urban development has put pressure on agricultural land, the green spaces, the drainage systems and public facilities. The study highlights the importance of GIS based monitoring, small urban development, efficient zoning, preservation of green spaces and water bodies and the integration of urban planning in order to find sustainable growth in the future of Shahbad City.
Understanding Public Opinion in the Digital Age: The Influence of Social Media in District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh
Social media has transformed public opinion formation by enabling citizens to receive, interpret, produce, and circulate information at unprecedented speed. This paper examines the perceived influence of social media on public opinion in District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, with attention to a predominantly rural and geographically dispersed setting. A cross-sectional survey design is proposed and demonstrated using an illustrative dataset of 400 adult social-media users selected through stratified multistage sampling across rural, semi-urban, and urban localities. The model links social-media exposure, active engagement, perceived information credibility, misinformation concern, and digital literacy with perceived opinion influence and civic participation. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlations, multiple regression, and rural-urban mean comparisons are presented. The illustrative results indicate that WhatsApp is the most widely used platform, followed by YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram. Social-media exposure, active engagement, and perceived credibility show positive relationships with opinion influence, while misinformation concern is negatively associated with it. Digital literacy has a smaller but significant positive contribution and appears to strengthen critical evaluation. Opinion influence is also positively associated with civic participation. Rural respondents report lower exposure and digital literacy than urban and semi-urban respondents, but slightly higher concern about misinformation. The paper argues that social media in Sirmaur functions simultaneously as an information bridge, a participatory space, and a risk environment. It recommends district-level media-literacy programmes, multilingual and locally relevant communication, transparent public-information channels, and verification practices tailored to mobile-first users.
Domestic Violence Against Women: A Critical Study Of The Effectiveness Of Legal Protection
Domestic violence against women is a widespread issue of human rights violation, and a major barrier to gender equality in India. The legal framework has changed a great deal since the first constitutional guarantees and through statutory laws and judicial decisions, but there is a lingering concern about how well it is implemented. This paper critically discusses the legal safeguards related to domestic violence against women with special reference to Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. The study employs a doctrinal research approach, examining the constitutional provisions, pertinent legislation, significant judicial rulings and international human rights instruments to determine the effectiveness of the current legal framework. The paper concludes that the Act has significantly expanded the notion of domestic violence by not only acknowledging physical, emotional, verbal, sexual and economic abuse, but also providing extensive civil remedies, including protection orders, rights to residence, monetary damages, custody and compensation. The realization of these legal opportunities is, however, hindered by ongoing problems such as underreporting, patriarchal social norms, lack of institutional support, low number of Protection Officers, judicial delays and lack of awareness of the law by the victims. The study concludes that India's legal framework is comprehensive and progressive, but it needs to be effectively implemented, institutionalized, coordinated and socialized for its success. Effective implementation mechanisms and socio-economic empowerment of women are crucial for meaningful access to justice and building on the constitutional mandate of equality, dignity and a life free from domestic violence.
Constitutionalism In India: Ancient Roots And Modern Framework
This paper explores the evolution of constitutionalism in India, arguing that the principles of limited governance and the rule of law are not merely colonial imports but have deep roots in ancient Indian political philosophy. By synthesizing historical jurisprudence with contemporary legal frameworks, the study examines how the concept of Dharma functioned as an early form of constitutionalism, imposing ethical and legal restraints on the absolute power of monarchs.
From Colonial Game to National Glory: Postcolonial Triumph in Sports Biopic 83
Kabir Khan’s 83 (2021) uses the real-life story of India’s 1983 Cricket World Cup victory to narrate a powerful postcolonial assertion of national identity. Cricket, which was once a colonial game introduced by the British to keep cultural dominance, 83 become a symbolic space of reversal and resistance. The movie places cricket at the centre of India's struggle for dignity, solidarity, and recognition among the world's leading nations in the aftermath of colonialism. 83, therefore, through the dramatisation of Kapil Dev's captaincy and the 1983 squad, turns cricket into a source of power, where the colonised have the authority to revise the old story of oppression to one of confidence and triumph. The film recreated the historic event in such a way that it presented both factual and emotional aspects, thus demonstrating not only the sportsmanlike side of the matter but also emphasising the cultural context of the event. The film, through its visuals, patriotism, and team spirit, suggests that the 1983 win was not merely a sporting event but rather a statement of decolonisation and the former colony's return to power over the metropolis.
Understanding Socio-Cultural Barriers to Women's Retirement Preparedness in India: An Integrated Conceptual Framework
Labor force participation, the changing family and the increasing life expectancy have created an important socio-economic issue on women's retirement preparedness. Nonetheless, women face socio-cultural challenges to adequately prepare for retirement, especially in the developing world like India. However, previous studies have largely concentrated on financial and demographic factors and the combined effect of socio-cultural factors has not been sufficiently investigated. This paper fills this gap by creating an integrated conceptual framework that throws light on how the socio-cultural barriers affect women's retirement preparedness in the Indian context. The framework is based upon the Gender Role Theory and the Life-Cycle Hypothesis, which help to identify the main barriers such as traditional gender roles, responsibilities as a caregiver, gender differences in employment and earnings, gender financial illiteracy, and institutional constraints. The paper presents research propositions that will help future empirical research and brings together the scattered evidence into a whole conceptual framework, thereby advancing the literature. The proposed framework also provides practical guidance for policy makers, financial institutions, employers, and financial educators in developing gender-sensitive solutions to enhance women's retirement readiness and long-term financial security.
The Impact of Educational Technology on Academic Achievement: A Review of Recent Studies
Educational technology drives innovation in teaching and learning, affecting students' academic performance at all levels. Digital tools like learning management systems, virtual classrooms, educational applications, multimedia resources, artificial intelligence, adaptive learning platforms, and collaborative online environments have made traditional instruction more interactive and learner-centered. summarizes recent empirical studies on educational technology's effects on students' academic performance, engagement, motivation, and learning. Effective instructional technology improves conceptual understanding, critical thinking, cooperation, self-directed learning, and information retention by delivering tailored instruction, quick feedback, and flexible learning materials. When used with good pedagogy, adaptive learning systems, gamification, learning analytics, and AI-supported educational platforms improve student accomplishment. The assessment also notes unequal access to digital infrastructure, inadequate teacher preparation, excessive screen time, digital diversions, cybersecurity risks, and the need for responsible technology use. Educational technology may boost academic performance, but instructional design, teacher ability, learner preparation, and institutional support are also important. Educational technology should assist effective instruction, not replace it. Strategic investments in digital infrastructure, professional development, inclusive educational policy, and evidence-based technology integration maximize learning results and prepare students for 21st-century digital competences.