International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT)
The International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) is a peer-reviewed-refereed, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research across a broad spectrum of academic disciplines. Established in 2024, the journal aims to provide a platform for scholars, researchers, and professionals from various fields to share their innovative findings and contribute to global knowledge. Journal particulars: Title: International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) ISSN: 3048-9458 Impact Factor: 7.2 Frequency: Quarterly (4 issues per year) Publisher: Publication and Advance Research Welfare Society Publication Place: Hisar, Haryana Publisher Email: ijarmtjournal@gmail.com Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Anjali Khokhar Copyright: Remain Journal Starting Year: 2024 Main Subject: Multidisciplinary Language: English & Hindi Publication Format: Online (Open Access) Website: https://ijarmt.com
Publication and Advance Research Welfare Society
“Customer Perception of Meme Marketing in Shaping Purchase Intentions”
The rapid expansion of social media platforms has transformed brand–consumer communication, encouraging marketers to adopt innovative and informal promotional strategies such as meme marketing. Meme marketing leverages humor, cultural references, and virality to engage consumers in a non-intrusive manner, particularly among digitally native audiences. The present study aims to examine the influence of customer perception of meme marketing on purchase intention. The study adopts an exploratory–cum–descriptive research design and is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire from 140 social media users in Haryana. Customer perception was measured across dimensions such as entertainment, humor, relatability, authenticity, brand congruence, and trust, while purchase intention served as the outcome variable. Descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyze the data. The findings reveal that meme marketing is largely perceived as entertaining, engaging, and effective in enhancing brand recall and positive brand attitude. ANOVA results indicate that purchase intention influenced by meme marketing does not significantly differ across gender and educational qualification; however, significant differences are observed across age groups and frequency of social media usage. Younger consumers and individuals with higher social media engagement exhibit stronger purchase intentions toward brands using meme-based communication. The results support the Stimulus–Organism–Response framework by confirming that customer perception acts as a critical mediating mechanism between meme marketing stimuli and purchase intention. The study contributes to emerging digital marketing literature by highlighting the importance of perception-driven strategies in meme marketing. Practically, the findings suggest that brands should focus on authenticity, cultural relevance, and audience alignment to design effective meme campaigns that positively influence consumer purchase intentions.
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Victim-Centric Justice in Criminal Law: A Critical Analysis of Victim Protection, Compensation and Restorative Mechanisms
The traditional criminal justice system has largely operated on an offender-centric model, prioritizing prosecution and punishment while relegating victims to a peripheral and passive role. Such an approach has often resulted in inadequate protection, limited participation and insufficient redress for victims of crime. In response to these shortcomings, contemporary criminal jurisprudence has witnessed a significant shift towards victim-centric justice, which recognizes victims as rights-bearing stakeholders within the justice delivery system. This paper critically examines the concept of victim-centric justice in criminal law with specific focus on three core dimensions victim protection, compensation and restorative justice mechanisms. It analyses the legal foundations, judicial interpretations and practical implementation of these mechanisms, particularly within the Indian criminal justice framework. The study explores how protective measures aim to prevent secondary victimization and ensure victims’ dignity and safety during criminal proceedings, while compensation and restitution seek to address the economic and psychological harm suffered by victims. The study evaluates the role of restorative justice as a complementary approach that emphasizes accountability, dialogue and social healing alongside formal adjudication. The paper argues that victim-centric justice represents a normative and ethical transformation of criminal law, aligning it with constitutional values, human rights principles and social justice objectives. Despite progressive legal developments, significant challenges persist in effective implementation due to institutional fragmentation, procedural delays and lack of awareness. The study concludes that a genuinely victim-centric justice system requires sustained institutional reform, sensitization of justice actors and integrated support mechanisms to ensure that justice is not merely punitive but also reparative and humane.
Role Of Travel Influencers In the Tourism Industry Among the Indian Population
The rapid development of the social media has changed the tourism industry in terms of destination marketing and decision making in issues concerning traveling. The role of travel influencers has been brought to the fore as a potent opinion leader in the evolving digital space environment and can have a potent effect on the perceptions, credibility and destination choice of a tourist. The present study examines how travel influencers are significant in tourism industry among the Indian population, specifically, the credibility of the influencers, the contents, and the social media engagement as a factor that determines trust and awareness of the destination among tourists and their decision to travel. Primary data in the form of a structured questionnaire were collected using a sample of 200 respondents in India using descriptive and analytical research design. The data was analyzed through the SPSS using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and linear regression. Since the outcomes demonstrated that the effect of travel influencers on the tourism-related decisions is significant and positive, and the aspect of the credibility of influencers is the most significant predictor of tourist confidence and tourist intent, then the quality of the content and social media application. The study also found out that the content produced by the influencers enhances awareness of a destination and reduces the perceived risk of traveling and therefore, increases the confidence of the tourists in their travel choices. The research concludes that travel influencers play a strategic role in the current tourism promotion in India, and they aid in bridging the gap between destinations and travelers and proposes the application of credibility-based and responsible influencer collaboration to achieve sustainable tourism development.
Bridging the Gap: Effective Skill Development and Industry Orientation in Higher Education
This paper examines the need and strategies for integrating skill development and industry orientation in higher education. It tends to the ongoing gaps in the education framework that hinder employability and useful skills securing. The paper gives a far reaching examination of effective models and methodologies for aligning educational results with industry prerequisites, with an emphasis on the job of strategy structures like NEP 2020 in driving these changes. Through an investigation of innovative teaching and learning strategies, the integration of industry-applicable skills, and the significance of strategy and institutional help, this paper outlines effective ways to deal with improve employability and plan graduates for the demands of the cutting edge labor force. Difficulties, for example, the skill gap, inclusivity, obstruction from conventional educational designs, and the requirement for continuous evaluation are examined, with proposed answers for guarantee a dynamic and responsive education framework.
Review Paper on Autonomous Detection of IoT Botnet Attacks using Deep Learning Technique
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has significantly increased network connectivity while simultaneously exposing critical security vulnerabilities. Due to weak authentication mechanisms, limited computational resources, and large-scale deployment, IoT devices have become prime targets for botnet attacks such as Mirai, Bashlite, and Mozi. These botnets can compromise thousands of devices and launch severe cyberattacks, including Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), data leakage, and service disruption. Traditional intrusion detection systems based on signatures and rule-based techniques are often ineffective against evolving and zero-day IoT botnet threats. Consequently, deep learning (DL) techniques have emerged as a powerful solution for autonomous IoT botnet detection. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of deep learning-based approaches for the autonomous detection of IoT botnet attacks. It examines widely used DL models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), autoencoders, and hybrid CNN–LSTM architectures. The paper discusses how these models automatically learn complex spatial and temporal patterns from IoT network traffic, eliminating the need for manual feature engineering. Additionally, commonly used benchmark datasets, evaluation metrics, and performance comparisons with traditional machine learning techniques are reviewed. The study also highlights key challenges, including computational complexity, scalability, dataset generalization, and real-time deployment in resource-constrained IoT environments. Finally, future research directions such as lightweight models, online learning, explainable AI, and edge-based deployment are outlined. This review provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners aiming to develop robust, intelligent, and autonomous IoT botnet detection systems.
India’s Strategic Role in Afghanistan: Challenges and Opportunities in A Post-Us Withdrawal Era
India's strategic engagement in Afghanistan has undergone significant shifts following the US withdrawal, creating both challenges and opportunities for regional diplomacy, security, and economic cooperation. As the Taliban-led government establishes its control, India faces the dilemma of navigating an uncertain political landscape while safeguarding its long-term interests. This study examines India’s evolving role in Afghanistan, analyzing the geopolitical complexities, security concerns, and avenues for economic collaboration. It explores the strategic calculus behind India's diplomatic maneuvers, the impact of regional players like Pakistan and China, and the potential for fostering stability through developmental initiatives and multilateral engagement. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of India’s policy imperatives and strategic options in shaping Afghanistan’s future while ensuring regional equilibrium.
Mr. Saddan Amin, Dr. Arief Hussain Ganaie
Cultural Diplomacy in India–Vietnam Relations: An Act East Policy Perspective
Cultural diplomacy has emerged as a significant soft power instrument in India’s foreign policy, particularly within the framework of the Act East Policy. India–Vietnam relations, rooted in deep civilizational, cultural, and historical linkages, provide a compelling case to examine the role of culture in strengthening contemporary strategic partnerships. This paper analyzes how cultural diplomacy functions as a complementary pillar in India–Vietnam relations alongside defence, economic, and political cooperation. It explores the evolution of India’s Act East Policy, the shared Buddhist and civilizational heritage between the two countries, and the institutional mechanisms employed to promote cultural engagement. The study argues that cultural diplomacy has enhanced mutual trust, people-to-people connectivity, and strategic convergence between India and Vietnam, particularly in the Indo-Pacific context. At the same time, the paper critically evaluates the limitations and challenges facing India’s cultural outreach in Vietnam. By adopting a qualitative and policy-oriented approach, this research highlights the growing relevance of cultural diplomacy as a strategic tool in India–Vietnam relations and offers policy recommendations for strengthening this dimension under the Act East Policy.
Haryana’s E-Governance Model under Digital India: An Analysis
The Digital India initiative has redefined governance paradigms in India by integrating information and communication technologies into public administration, service delivery, and citizen engagement. Within this national framework, Haryana has emerged as a prominent sub-national actor experimenting with institutionalized e-governance reforms aimed at transparency, efficiency, and inclusivity. This paper critically examines Haryana’s e-governance model as a component of Digital India, assessing its conceptual foundations, institutional architecture, flagship digital platforms, and sectoral applications. It situates Haryana’s experience within broader debates on digital state capacity, cooperative federalism, and administrative modernization. Drawing on secondary data, policy documents, government reports, and scholarly literature, the study analyses initiatives such as Antyodaya Saral, e-Office, Parivar Pehchan Patra, Meri Basal Mera Byora, and sector-specific digital interventions in land records, welfare delivery, education, health, and urban governance. The paper argues that while Haryana’s e-governance model demonstrates significant administrative innovation and convergence with Digital India goals, persistent challenges related to digital divide, data governance, institutional coordination, and accountability limit its transformative potential. The study concludes by offering policy recommendations to strengthen inclusivity, interoperability, and democratic oversight in Haryana’s evolving digital governance ecosystem.
Judicial Response and Administrative Challenges under the Domestic Violence Act, 2005: A Study of Panipat District
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 was enacted to provide effective legal protection to women facing abuse within domestic relationships. The success of this legislation largely depends on the role of the judiciary and the efficiency of administrative machinery at the grassroots level. This research paper critically examines the judicial response and administrative challenges in the implementation of the Act in Panipat district of Haryana. The study analyses the functioning of Magistrate courts, the nature of orders passed, and the time taken for disposal of cases. It also evaluates the role of Protection Officers, police authorities and service providers in assisting victims. The paper highlights key administrative constraints such as shortage of trained personnel, lack of coordination among agencies, limited infrastructure and low awareness among women. The study further explores the difficulties faced by victims, including procedural delays, social stigma and economic dependency. By identifying gaps between legal provisions and practical enforcement, the paper suggests policy-oriented recommendations to strengthen judicial mechanisms and administrative structures. The study aims to contribute to improved implementation of the Act and promote effective access to justice for women at the district level.
India–Bhutan Strategic Partnership in the Post–Cold War Era: Security, Diplomacy and Regional Stability
India–Bhutan relations constitute one of South Asia’s most enduring and strategically significant partnerships, characterized by deep historical trust and evolving geopolitical relevance. In the post–Cold War era, this relationship has transformed from a traditionally protective arrangement into a mature and reciprocal strategic partnership founded on sovereign equality, mutual security cooperation, developmental collaboration and shared concerns for regional stability. This study examines three interconnected pillars shaping the contemporary India–Bhutan partnership: security cooperation and border stability, diplomatic coordination through institutional frameworks and regional stability fostered through economic interdependence, particularly in the areas of hydropower development, connectivity and cross-border integration. Adopting a qualitative, document-based research methodology, the paper traces the significance of the 2007 India–Bhutan Friendship Treaty, which institutionalized mutual security assurances and cooperation on “national interests” while enabling Bhutan greater diplomatic autonomy in international affairs. The research further evaluates the strategic importance of the 2017 Doklam standoff as a critical stress test for Bhutan’s territorial security and India’s Himalayan deterrence posture, highlighting the strategic convergence between the two countries. Moreover, the paper argues that recent connectivity initiatives, energy cooperation and high-level political engagements have broadened the scope of the partnership beyond traditional security concerns toward a comprehensive model of regional stability. However, challenges persist, including Bhutan’s growing debt burden linked to hydropower projects, its delicate diplomatic balancing with China and the need to diversify economic cooperation beyond the energy sector. Overall, the study concludes that the India–Bhutan strategic partnership continues to play a stabilizing role in the eastern Himalayas, provided both countries effectively manage emerging geopolitical and economic challenges in a rapidly changing regional order.
Interpretation, Impressionism and Reality in the Works of Henry James and Joseph Conrad
Henry James and Joseph Conrad stand as two of the most significant architects of literary modernism, transforming the nineteenth-century realist tradition into a subtle art of perception and interpretation. Both writers abandoned the external certainties of the Victorian world to explore the intricate interplay between consciousness and reality. Their fiction is not concerned merely with what happens but with how it is perceived, mediated, and morally interpreted. This paper examines the ways in which James and Conrad employ impressionistic technique to redefine narrative truth, foregrounding the subjective experience of reality over objective representation. Through a comparative analysis of The Portrait of a Lady, The Ambassadors, Heart of Darkness, and Lord Jim, the study highlights how both authors employ ambiguity, shifting perspectives, and psychological interiority to question the nature of knowledge, interpretation, and moral responsibility. Ultimately, this paper argues that their impressionism is not a retreat from reality but an effort to render the elusive texture of experience the only form of truth available to modern consciousness.
किशोरों के व्यवहार पर सामाजिक एवं सांस्कृतिक प्रभावः रोहतक जिले के सन्दर्भ में
किशोरों का व्यवहार केवल जैविक या मनोवैज्ञानिक परिवर्तनों का परिणाम नहीं होता, बल्कि वह व्यापक रूप से उस सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक परिवेश से निर्मित होता है जिसमें किशोर का समाजीकरण होता है। रोहतक जिला (हरियाणा) सामाजिक दृष्टि से एक ऐसा क्षेत्र है जहाँ ग्रामीण परंपराएँ, शहरीकरण, शैक्षिक विस्तार और आधुनिक सांस्कृतिक प्रवृत्तियाँ एक साथ सक्रिय हैं। इस मिश्रित सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक संरचना के कारण किशोरों के व्यवहार में विविधता, द्वंद्व और परिवर्तनशीलता स्पष्ट रूप से देखी जाती है। किशोरावस्था में जब व्यक्ति अपनी पहचान, मूल्य और जीवन-दृष्टि को आकार दे रहा होता है, तब समाज और संस्कृति उसके व्यवहार के लिए दिशा-निर्देशक की भूमिका निभाते हैं।
The Life-Skilled Teacher: A Pillar of NEP 2020’s Holistic and Multidisciplinary Vision
In the modern society of 21st Century the field of education is rapidly changing. Now a days Teachers role of mentorship and guide has been evolved with a large responsibility. In olden days traditional methods for teaching were been used but now a days responsibility of teachers is also tremendously increased to create a responsible and professional students. Teachers are not only responsible for teaching lessons from text books but they act as a mentor, guide of the students which can help them develop social values and student’s positive behavior. In current scenario students not only need an educational support but they need emotional, relationships and real-life challenges support in their life. These kind of responsibilities of real-life challenges and emotional support teacher should be capable of having interpersonal skill through which they can help students in their day-to-day activities and their life. To overcome these challenges teachers should be equipped with the skill like effective communication skill, ability to adjust new situations, problem solving techniques and methods, stress management, ethical decision making, emotional intelligence etc. these are the techniques through which teachers can manage classroom smoothly, can build relationships with students and can support students effectively. In this paper researcher focused on understanding the importance of life skills of teachers. It explains the theoretical and conceptual foundation behind them and discusses methods and feedback. It also highlights the challenges and barriers faced by teachers in implementing life skills training for teachers.
शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में आर्य समाज की भूमिका
आर्य समाज भारतीय समाज-सुधार आंदोलन का एक महत्वपूर्ण स्तंभ रहा है, जिसने शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में व्यापक और दूरगामी योगदान दिया। स्वामी दयानंद सरस्वती द्वारा 1875 ई. में स्थापित आर्य समाज का मुख्य उद्देश्य वैदिक मूल्यों पर आधारित समाज का निर्माण करना था, जिसमें शिक्षा को सामाजिक जागरण और राष्ट्रीय उत्थान का प्रमुख साधन माना गया। आर्य समाज ने पारंपरिक, रूढ़िवादी और संकीर्ण शैक्षिक व्यवस्था का विरोध करते हुए आधुनिक, वैज्ञानिक एवं नैतिक शिक्षा को प्रोत्साहित किया। इस आंदोलन ने स्त्री शिक्षा, दलित एवं वंचित वर्गों की शिक्षा, तथा सर्वसुलभ शिक्षा के प्रसार में अग्रणी भूमिका निभाई। डी.ए.वी. (दयानंद एंग्लो-वैदिक) विद्यालयों एवं महाविद्यालयों की स्थापना आर्य समाज की शैक्षिक दृष्टि का ठोस उदाहरण है, जहाँ वैदिक संस्कृति और आधुनिक ज्ञान का समन्वय किया गया। इन शिक्षण संस्थानों ने राष्ट्रीय चेतना, नैतिक मूल्यों, अनुशासन और चरित्र निर्माण पर विशेष बल दिया। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में आर्य समाज की भूमिका का ऐतिहासिक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन किया गया है, जिसमें इसके शैक्षिक दर्शन, संस्थागत योगदान तथा भारतीय शिक्षा व्यवस्था पर पड़े प्रभावों को स्पष्ट किया गया है। यह अध्ययन दर्शाता है कि आर्य समाज का शैक्षिक आंदोलन न केवल सामाजिक सुधार का माध्यम बना, बल्कि आधुनिक भारत की शैक्षिक संरचना को दिशा देने में भी सहायक सिद्ध हुआ।
A Study of Collaborative Learning Approaches Improving Communication and Group Learning Efficiency
Collaborative learning approaches have become central to contemporary educational practice due to their demonstrated ability to enhance communication skills, strengthen cooperative problem-solving, and improve group learning efficiency across academic disciplines and instructional levels. This review paper examines the theoretical foundations, pedagogical structures, social interaction processes, and developmental outcomes associated with collaborative learning, emphasizing how shared knowledge construction, peer dialogue, distributed reasoning, and cooperative engagement contribute to improved cognitive performance and interpersonal competence. Drawing on research in social constructivism, group learning theory, communication development, and cooperative education models, the paper analyzes how structured collaboration, guided peer interaction, collective accountability, and dialogic exchange foster deeper conceptual understanding, increased motivation, and enhanced learning retention. The review further explores how collaborative learning environments support the development of communication capacities including articulation, perspective-taking, negotiation, conflict resolution, and shared meaning formation, all of which contribute to greater group learning efficiency and intellectual engagement. Challenges related to unequal participation, social loafing, group tension, assessment complexity, and cultural communication differences are also examined, along with strategies for optimizing collaborative structures to ensure equitable contribution and meaningful shared learning outcomes. The paper concludes with implications for instructional design, classroom facilitation, and future research directions that support the advancement of collaborative learning as a foundational pedagogical approach for developing communication proficiency and collective learning effectiveness in modern educational contexts.
Rati Bhan Maurya, Dr. Chandra Kumar Singh
A Review of Inclusive Teaching Practices Supporting Diverse Learners in Regular Classrooms
Inclusive teaching practices have become a central focus of contemporary education as schools increasingly recognize the importance of supporting diverse learners within regular classroom environments, where students differ widely in linguistic background, cultural identity, cognitive processing styles, disability status, socio-emotional development, learning preferences, and prior educational experiences. This review paper analyzes the principles, pedagogical strategies, implementation models, and developmental impacts of inclusive teaching practices designed to ensure that all learners participate meaningfully in shared instructional settings without segregation, marginalization, or lowered academic expectations. Drawing upon research in universal design for learning, differentiated instruction, culturally responsive pedagogy, social inclusion theory, and special education integration models, the paper examines how inclusive practices enhance academic engagement, promote equitable access to curriculum, support socio-emotional well-being, and improve learning outcomes across heterogeneous student populations. The review emphasizes that inclusive teaching requires intentional instructional design, adaptive assessment systems, flexible learning pathways, relational sensitivity, and classroom cultures that affirm diversity as an asset rather than a barrier to learning. Challenges related to limited teacher training, systemic constraints, resource inequities, attitudinal barriers, classroom management pressures, and policy inconsistencies are also explored, highlighting the conditions necessary for successful implementation. The paper concludes with implications for educational reform and recommendations for future research focused on sustaining inclusive practices that uphold equity, belonging, and high-level academic participation for all learners within regular classroom environments.
Race, Memory and Identity: Unveiling Black Presence in Toni Morrison’s Fiction
Toni Morrison’s fiction constitutes a powerful literary response to the historical erasure and marginalization of African American experience in American literature. Writing from a distinctly Black cultural and historical consciousness, Morrison foregrounds race, memory, and identity as central forces shaping Black existence. This research article examines how Morrison unveils Black presence by reclaiming suppressed histories, interrogating internalized racism, and constructing complex models of Black identity. Through a detailed analysis of selected novels - The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, Beloved, and Jazz the study explores Morrison’s narrative strategies and thematic concerns. Drawing upon African American literary criticism, cultural memory theory, and intersectional frameworks, the article argues that Morrison transforms memory into a site of resistance and healing. Her fiction not only challenges Eurocentric historiography but also redefines American literature by centering Black voices, communal histories, and embodied experiences.
Review Of the Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Performance with Regards to Expectation Groups
This review article examines the pivotal role of parental expectations in influencing students' academic performance across various educational levels. It synthesizes diverse findings to underscore the generally positive impact of well-calibrated expectations on students' motivation, engagement, and academic achievement. The review further investigates how students' self-concept, socioeconomic background, and cultural context function as key mediating factors in this relationship. Notably, it addresses the potential adverse outcomes that may result from unrealistic or excessively high parental expectations, such as academic stress, diminished self-esteem, and emotional distress. Drawing from established theoretical perspectives, the review offers a framework for understanding how these complex interactions unfold within the broader educational environment. It emphasizes the importance of adopting a student-centred and culturally responsive approach to parental involvement. The review concludes by providing practical recommendations for educators, parents, and policymakers to cultivate healthy academic environments where expectations are motivating rather than burdensome and where students are supported holistically to achieve their full potential.
Impact Of Parental Expectations On Students’ Academic Performance With Reference To The Mediating Role Of School Environment And Teacher Support
The present research paper has tested how parental expectations influence the performance of students in education and how the school environment and support of the teachers mediate the effect of parental expectations. Different family and institutional influences affect academic success, including parental expectations, which are among the key factors in defining motivation and engagement in students and their learning achievements. The research was carried out on a sample of 100 students in secondary schools and assumed a descriptive and analytical approach of revealing the interrelationships of the main variables. The results indicated that parental expectations were strongly determinant in the academic performance with moderate and balanced expectations producing superior results as compared to low and unrealistically high expectations. Also, it was found that positive parental expectations have a positive impact that is enhanced by a positive school climate and teacher support, which promoted academic motivation, confidence, and interest. The research highlighted that the academic success of students can be attained in an integrated approach that incorporates the parents, teachers, and schools. The results are useful to the educators, parents and policymakers in formulating strategies that will be used to enhance academic performance in addition to the wellbeing of the students.
महिला सशक्तिकरण और नारीवादः अवधारणा, विकास और समकालीन विमर्श।
किसी भी देश के सामाजिक, आर्थिक व राजनैतिक विकास में महिलाओं की बहुत भूमिका होती है। समाज में महिलाओं की वहीं भूमिका है जो शरीर में दौड़ने वाले रक्त की। किसी राज्य, देश अथवा समाज को समझने जानने का कार्य तब तक पूरा नहीं किया जा सकता जब तक कि महिलाओं की वस्तु स्थिति पर विचार न कर लिया जाये। महिलाओं की दासता का इतिहास बहुत ही पुराना है। आज का समाज भले ही शक्षित हो गया है लेकिन वह महिलाओं के बारे में पाश्चात्य एवं मध्ययुगीन सोच रखता है। जिसके कारण पुरूष-महिलाओं के जन्म दर में काफी अंतर है, जो महिला सषक्तिकरण न हो पाने को इंगित करता है। इसके अलावा दहेज, जाति, धर्म, लिंग, नस्ल आदि के नाम पर अपमानजनक जीवन व्यतीत करना पड़ता है।
Posthumanism and Artificial Intelligence in the Selected Fiction of Amitav Ghosh
This paper examines the discourse of posthumanism and artificial intelligence in the selected fiction of Amitav Ghosh, situating his work within contemporary theoretical shifts in English literary studies. Posthumanism questions classical humanism by challenging human exceptionalism and emphasizing the entanglement of humans, machines, ecology and technological systems. In the present age of rapid technological change, artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful force reshaping knowledge, identity and cultural imagination. Amitav Ghosh’s fiction engages with these transformations by foregrounding alternative epistemologies, nonhuman agencies and networked forms of intelligence. Novels such as The Calcutta Chromosome and Gun Island blur boundaries between science, myth and technology to question the limits of rational human control. Artificial intelligence in his narratives does not merely appear as machinery but as a distributed, collective and often unpredictable mode of cognition. Drawing upon posthumanist theory, particularly the ideas of Rosi Braidotti and Donna Haraway, the paper analyzes shifting notions of subjectivity and agency. Ghosh presents intelligence as relational and ecological rather than exclusively human or individual. His fiction also connects artificial intelligence with global power structures, scientific authority and environmental crises. By decentering the human, Ghosh anticipates contemporary debates on technology, ethics and the future of humanity. The study argues that Ghosh’s engagement with posthumanism offers a critical lens to understand artificial intelligence beyond utopian or dystopian extremes. It highlights literature as an essential space for examining the ethical and cultural consequences of technological transformation. Ultimately, the paper positions Amitav Ghosh as a significant Indian English writer bridging humanist traditions and posthuman futures. This analysis contributes to contemporary literary studies by demonstrating how fiction responds critically to emerging technologies and redefines human existence within complex techno ecological networks. Such readings underline the relevance of Indian English literature in global posthuman and AI debates. Today and in future.
Colonial Society and the Psychological Construction of Criminality In Bengal
This article explores the construction of criminality psychologically in colonial Bengal, where rights of law, administration and literature met to form the image of the criminal native. The paper relies on colonial legal documents, literary sources and cultural literature to state that crime was not seen as a reaction to social, economic or political circumstances, but rather an innate moral and psychological characteristic of the colonized peoples. These constructions were further reinforced by the colonial literature, fiction, travel literature, and crime fiction in which characters of native origin were described as morally ambiguous, emotionally unstable, and inclined towards deviance whereas European characters were seen as rational and authoritative. The paper also examines internalization processes in the colonized subjects and illustrates the way that exposure to criminalized representations was repeated and decided the self-perception of the subjects, social behaviours and cultural consciousness. At the same time, it also underscores some of the manifestations of opposition and the counter-discourse that native authors, reformers, and other nationalist intellectuals created and challenged colonial crime definitions and provided alternative ways of ethical and psychological selfhood. This research brings into light the legacy of colonial criminalization on identity, social hierarchy and cultural memory in Bengal through a literary, historical and cultural lens, which is critical in understanding how power, narrative and psychology interact in a colonial setting.
A Study of the Ecological Roles of Animal Communities in Maintaining Ecosystem Balance and Functioning
Animal communities constitute an essential component of biodiversity and play a fundamental role in maintaining ecosystem balance and ecological functioning. Interactions among vertebrates and invertebrates regulate population dynamics, nutrient cycling, energy transfer, pollination, and decomposition processes. The structure and stability of ecosystems depend greatly on the functional contributions of these faunal groups. The present study analyses the ecological roles of animal communities across forest, grassland, wetland, and aquatic habitats to understand how they contribute to ecosystem stability. Community composition, trophic interactions, and functional significance were examined using ecological records and biodiversity indicators. The findings indicate that diverse animal assemblages enhance resilience, productivity, and sustainability of ecosystems, whereas loss of faunal diversity disrupts ecological balance. The study emphasizes the importance of conserving animal communities to maintain ecosystem functioning and environmental stability.
Impact of AI Tools on Multidisciplinary Teaching-Learning Practices in India
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly reshaped educational landscapes across the globe, and India is no exception. In recent years, AI-powered tools such as intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive learning platforms, automated assessment tools, and generative AI applications have begun to influence how teaching and learning occur across disciplines. This paper explores the impact of AI tools on multidisciplinary teaching–learning practices in the Indian context, adopting a secondary data-based research methodology. Moving beyond a purely technological perspective, the study adopts a humanized and balanced academic tone, foregrounding the lived experiences of teachers and learners alongside policy frameworks and empirical research. The paper examines how AI supports interdisciplinary integration, personalized learning, collaborative knowledge construction, and learner autonomy, while also interrogating challenges such as digital inequality, ethical concerns, data privacy, and teacher preparedness. Drawing upon existing literature, policy documents, and recent studies, the paper argues that while AI has the potential to transform multidisciplinary education in India, its success ultimately depends on human agency, pedagogical intent, and inclusive policy design. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for capacity building, ethical governance, and context-sensitive implementation to ensure that AI serves as an enabler rather than a replacement of meaningful teaching–learning relationships.
An Analysis of Learning Environments Shaping Student Behavior, Engagement, and Academic Growth
Learning environments play a pivotal role in shaping student behavior, engagement patterns, and academic growth, establishing the classroom as not merely a physical space but a dynamic ecological system that influences how learners think, interact, feel, and perform academically. This review paper examines the structural, psychological, social, cultural, instructional, and organizational dimensions of learning environments that contribute to student conduct, motivation, participation, and learning progression within educational settings. Drawing upon research in environmental psychology, socio-constructivist theory, behavioral learning models, ecological systems theory, classroom climate studies, and engagement frameworks, the paper explores how environmental variables including spatial layout, relational dynamics, instructional tone, emotional atmosphere, peer culture, sensory conditions, and teacher expectations shape learners’ behavioral regulation, attention, persistence, self-efficacy, and academic outcomes. The review highlights that positive, supportive, and student-centered environments foster deeper engagement, cooperative behavior, intrinsic motivation, and sustained academic growth, whereas rigid, stressful, or exclusionary environments contribute to disengagement, task avoidance, behavioral disruption, and diminished academic achievement. The analysis emphasizes that learning environments influence not only observable behavior but also internal cognitive-emotional processes including identity formation, belonging, resilience, curiosity, and intellectual risk-taking. Challenges related to overcrowded classrooms, inequitable resource distribution, cultural disconnects, punitive behavioral frameworks, and institutional pressures are also examined alongside recommendations for creating learning environments that prioritize student well-being, participation equity, and long-term academic development.
A Study on the Educational Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Integration in Indian Classrooms
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force redefining global educational ecosystems, yet its meaningful integration within Indian classrooms requires a foundational understanding that goes beyond technological enthusiasm. This review paper critically examines the educational, pedagogical, infrastructural, and socio-cultural foundations necessary for embedding AI within India’s diverse schooling landscape. The study synthesises theoretical perspectives, constructivism, connectivism, personalised learning theory, cognitive load theory, and human–machine collaboration models, to establish how AI-enabled tools can be pedagogically aligned with contemporary learning needs. It further analyses India’s evolving policy ecosystem, including the National Education Policy (NEP 2020), the Digital India initiative, and AI-for-All programmes, situating AI adoption within national priorities and systemic constraints. Through an exploration of teacher readiness, ethical concerns, digital divides, infrastructural disparities, and cultural considerations, the paper highlights the conditions that shape AI’s feasibility and effectiveness in real classroom environments. The review identifies that AI possesses significant potential to personalise learning, enhance assessment precision, support differentiated instruction, and augment teacher capabilities; however, its success depends on the interplay of policy support, ethical safeguards, contextualisation to linguistic and cultural diversity, and sustained teacher professional development. The paper concludes by proposing that AI integration in India must remain rooted in human-centred design, equitable access, and pedagogically sound implementation strategies to ensure AI becomes a tool for educational empowerment rather than another layer of inequality.
Dharmveer Yadav, Dr. Chandra Kumar Singh
Phytochemical Profiling of Fittonia albivenis Extracts: A Comparative Study of Solvent Extraction Methods
Fittonia albivenis, a member of the Acanthaceae family, is an ornamental plant known for its striking foliage and potential therapeutic properties. Traditionally used in folk medicine for treating inflammation, wounds, and pain, its medicinal efficacy is attributed to various bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. This study aims to explore the phytochemical composition of F. albivenis using solvent extraction methods, focusing on the impact of solvent polarity on the recovery of bioactive compounds. Fresh leaves were extracted sequentially with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol, representing non-polar, moderately polar, and polar solvents, respectively. Qualitative screening identified the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, phenolics, and cardiac glycosides across the extracts. The methanol extract exhibited the highest levels of phenolics (86.7 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (58.9 mg QE/g), followed by the ethyl acetate extract with moderate flavonoid content (32.6 mg QE/g). Petroleum ether, however, showed minimal yields of phenolics and flavonoids but was effective in extracting non-polar terpenoids. Quantitative analysis confirmed the superior efficiency of methanol for extracting polar compounds. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.001) between extracts, validating the influence of solvent choice on phytochemical recovery. The results suggest that F. albivenis is a rich source of antioxidants, particularly in its polar fractions, and highlight the importance of solvent selection in phytochemical studies. This study provides a foundation for further research into the pharmacological potential of F. albivenis, supporting its traditional uses and potential for therapeutic applications.
Chatbot Trust Dynamics in E-Commerce: Understanding Consumer Perceptions and Behavioral Intentions
This research paper explores the pivotal role of trust in shaping consumer interactions with AI-powered chatbots in the rapidly growing e-commerce sector, with a specific focus on urban regions of Nashik and Mumbai. Drawing upon established theoretical models such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Trust Theory in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), and the Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) paradigm, the study examines how user perceptions of chatbot features influence trust formation. A structured quantitative survey of 210 e-commerce users was conducted, analyzing critical factors such as perceived accuracy, anthropomorphism, responsiveness, and privacy concerns. Findings from correlation and multiple regression analysis reveal that perceived accuracy and human-like characteristics significantly enhance user trust, which in turn positively influences purchase intention and consumer satisfaction. The study contributes to both academic literature and practical applications by recommending actionable strategies for enhancing chatbot design and fostering trust in digital customer service systems. These insights are particularly relevant for businesses aiming to improve customer experience, engagement, and conversion rates through intelligent conversational agents.
Dr. Pradeep S. Ohol, Dr. Prashant V. Tope, Dr. Archana M. Pandagale
Ethical Dimensions of Education Policy Implementation: Equity, Accountability, and Human Values in Practice
Education policies are not merely administrative instruments or technical blueprints; they are moral statements about what a society values, whom it prioritizes, and how it envisions its future. While much scholarly attention has been devoted to the formulation of education policies, comparatively less emphasis has been placed on the ethical challenges that emerge during their implementation. This gap is significant, as even well-intentioned policies can produce unjust, exclusionary, or harmful outcomes when ethical considerations are overlooked at the implementation stage. The present paper critically examines the ethical dimensions of education policy implementation, with a particular focus on equity, accountability, transparency, and respect for human dignity. Drawing on ethical theories such as justice, care, rights-based approaches, and public good frameworks, the study explores how ethical dilemmas manifest in real-world policy execution. Issues such as unequal access, bureaucratic discretion, corruption, political interference, and the marginalization of vulnerable groups are analysed to illustrate the moral complexities faced by policymakers, administrators, and educators. The paper also engages with contemporary challenges arising from digitalization, data-driven governance, and technology-based education reforms, highlighting new ethical risks related to privacy, surveillance, and exclusion. Using examples from the Indian education system alongside global perspectives, this paper argues that ethical failures in policy implementation undermine public trust, deepen social inequalities, and weaken the transformative potential of education. The study concludes by proposing ethically grounded policy recommendations that emphasize participatory governance, transparency, professional integrity, and human-centered decision-making. By foregrounding ethics in education policy implementation, the paper seeks to contribute to a more just, inclusive, and accountable educational landscape.
“Understanding ESG Outcomes Through Governance and Disclosure: A Theoretical Analysis”
Environmental, Socia land Governance (ESG) considerations have become central to contemporary debates on corporate sustainability and long-term value creation. While prior studies have widely examined the relationship between ESG performance and organizational outcomes, limited attention has been given to the underlying mechanisms through which ESG initiatives translate into meaningful outcomes. Addressing this gap, the present study develops a theoretical analysis to examine the role of corporate governance and ESG disclosure practices as mediating mechanisms influencing ESG outcomes. Drawing on stakeholder theory, agency theory, legitimacy theory and information asymmetry theory, the paper conceptualizes governance and disclosure as critical processes that shape the effectiveness, credibility and impact of ESG initiatives. The analysis suggests that robust governance structures facilitate strategic alignment, accountability and oversight of ESG activities, while high-quality disclosure practices enhance transparency, reduce information asymmetry and strengthen stakeholder trust. Together, governance and disclosure act as complementary mechanisms that mediate the relationship between ESG efforts and sustainable outcomes. By offering an integrated conceptual framework, this study contributes to ESG literature by shifting the focus from direct-effect models to process-oriented explanations. The paper provides valuable implications for policymakers, practitioners and researchers and lays a theoretical foundation for future empirical investigations into ESG effectiveness.
Understanding the Indian Caste System: Ambedkar’s Perspective
According to Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the Indian caste system is an oppressive, hierarchical, and inflexible social structure that stems from inequalities. He said that caste was more than just a division of work; it was a division of labourers in which movement was restricted and social rank was determined by birth. Ambedkar said in his landmark book Annihilation of Caste that caste undermined democracy, fraternity, and social cohesion by imposing graduated inequality, in which each caste denigrated those under it. He vehemently condemned Hindu holy books, particularly the Manusmriti, for endorsing untouchability and caste discrimination. Ambedkar felt that caste's theological and ideological underpinnings had to be destroyed in order to accomplish social revolution. He promoted logic, intercaste marriage, education, and legal protections as means of eradicating caste. In the end, Ambedkar believed that caste was incompatible with contemporary ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity and that its abolition was necessary for India to achieve real social justice and democracy.
पारिस्थितिक संवैधानिकता का सैद्धांतिक प्रतिमान: भारतीय पर्यावरणीय शासन की पुनर्व्याख्या
इक्कीसवीं सदी में जलवायु परिवर्तन, जैव-विविधता ह्रास, प्रदूषण और पारिस्थितिक असमानता जैसी चुनौतियों ने लोकतांत्रिक संवैधानिक व्यवस्थाओं के समक्ष मूलभूत प्रश्न खड़े कर दिए हैं। यह शोध-पत्र भारतीय संदर्भ में पारिस्थितिक संवैधानिकता (Ecological Constitutionalism) और पर्यावरणीय शासन सिद्धांत (Environmental Governance Theory) के अंतर्संबंध का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण करता है। अध्ययन का मुख्य तर्क यह है कि भारत में पर्यावरण संरक्षण एक निर्देशात्मक सिद्धांत से विकसित होकर न्यायिक व्याख्या के माध्यम से मौलिक अधिकार का स्वरूप ग्रहण कर चुका है।भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 21 (जीवन का अधिकार), अनुच्छेद 48A (राज्य का कर्तव्य) तथा अनुच्छेद 51A(g) (नागरिक का कर्तव्य) को आधार बनाकर सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने लोकहित याचिका और हरित न्यायशास्त्र के माध्यम से सतत विकास, सावधानी सिद्धांत तथा प्रदूषक-भुगतान सिद्धांत को संवैधानिक मान्यता प्रदान की है।यह शोध-पत्र पारिस्थितिक संवैधानिकता को एक मानक (normative) ढाँचे के रूप में स्थापित करता है, जो संविधान को पारिस्थितिक स्थिरता, अंतःपीढ़ी न्याय तथा प्रकृति के आंतरिक मूल्य की दिशा में पुनर्परिभाषित करता है। तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण के माध्यम से भारत की तुलना लैटिन अमेरिका तथा दक्षिण अफ्रीका के संवैधानिक मॉडलों से की गई है।अध्ययन के निष्कर्ष संकेत करते हैं कि यद्यपि भारत में न्यायिक नवाचार के माध्यम से पर्यावरणीय अधिकारों का सशक्त विकास हुआ है, किंतु संस्थागत कमजोरियाँ और शासनगत चुनौतियाँ इसकी प्रभावशीलता को सीमित करती हैं।
कथाकार भगवानदास मोरवाल कृत ‘रेत’ उपन्यास में कंजर जनजाति का लोक-व्यवहार एवं संस्कृति
हिन्दी में ‘जनजाति’ शब्द के पर्याय में ‘आदिम जाति’, ‘आदिवासी’, ‘कबीला’, ‘मूलनिवासी’ आदि शब्दों का प्रचलन है। जनजाति मानव समुदायों का एक ऐसा संगठन है, जिनकी विशिष्ट संस्कृति और समान परम्पराएं होती है, जो प्रायः एक पीढ़ी से दूसरी पीढ़ी में सामान्य विशेषताओं को अपनाये हुए चली आ रही होती है। जनजाति स्थायी और अस्थायी रूप से परिवार-समूहों से उठकर एक राजनीतिक संगठन होता है, जिनकी समान भाषा, समान संस्कृति और समान विचारधारा या आदर्श होते हैं। आदर्श रूप में, आमतौर पर जनजाति के सदस्यों द्वारा एक विशिष्ट नाम स्वीकृत किया जाता है। वे निश्चित प्रदेश में निवास करते हुए व्यापार, कृषि, घर निर्माण, युद्ध और अन्य औपचारिक गतिविधियों में सामूहिक रूप से कार्य करते हैं। जीविका उपार्जन के लिए जितना आवश्यक है, उतना ही उत्पादन करने की क्षमता रखने वाले जनसमूहों को आदिवासी या जनजाति कहा जाता है। ‘जनजाति’ शब्द के सामाजिक वर्ग की अवधारणा आदिम मानव के समूहों के रूप में होती है। जिनकी अपनी विशिष्ट परम्पराएं और सांस्कृतिक विरासत रही है। जिसका विकास प्रत्येक जनजाति में पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी होता रहा है। प्रस्तुत आलेख में भगवानदास मोरवाल कृत ‘रेत’ उपन्यास में कंजर जनजाति के लोक-व्यवहार एवं संस्कृति पर प्रकाश डाला गया है।
जनजातीय समाजों में स्त्री की स्थिति और संघर्ष चेतना
हिन्दी के रचनाकारों ने सामाजिक परिप्रेक्ष्य में आदिवासी-जनजातीय स्त्रियों की स्थिति और उनके संघर्षशील पहलुओं को संवेदनात्मक धरातल पर अभिव्यक्ति दी है। जनजातीय समाजों में पहले स्त्री का स्थान परिवार की मुखिया के रूप में होता था। पुरुष की बराबरी में अपनी जाति, परिवार, युद्ध, जीवन के संघर्ष, आजीविका के प्रश्नों से सम्बन्धित प्रत्येक गतिविधियों में स्त्री सक्रिय सहयोग प्रदान करती थी। पर जैसे-जैसे जनजातीय समाजों का विकास होता गया और वे अन्य समाजों के सम्पर्क में आते गए तो परिवार की मुखिया के रूप में निर्धारित स्त्री का महत्त्व कम होता गया। अब बहुतांश जनजातियों में स्त्री का महत्त्व परिवार की मुखिया के रूप में नहीं है, बल्कि उसे दोयम दर्जे का स्थान प्राप्त हो चुका है। जिस तरह गैर आदिवासी समाजों में पितृसत्तात्मक व्यवस्था ने अपनी सुविधा के अनुसार नियम-कानून बनाकर स्त्रियों को दोयम दर्जे पर पहुंचाया है। ठीक उसी तरह जनजातियों के पुरुष वर्ग ने भी धर्म और जाति पंचायतों के नियम निर्धारित किये हैं। प्रस्तुत आलेख में सभी प्रमुख उपन्यासकारों ने अपने उपन्यास के माध्यम से जनजातीय समाजों में स्त्री की स्थिति और उनकी संघर्ष चेतना को दिखाने का प्रयास किया है।
Navigating Self and Society: A Critical Analysis of K. A. Abbas’ Bholi
A. Abbas’s Bholi depicts the sad picture of a young girl who becomes a victim of social norms and society that devalues her on account of false discriminatory standards. But in the midst of this profound neglect, this story brings to the fore a powerful paradox that turns out to be a powerful means for her liberation. Bholi resorted to complete silence and passive agreement to this incompatible marriage in her society, wherein she is constantly reminded of her traditional role of a daughter whose sole responsibility is to uphold her father’s honour at any cost. Her sudden decision not to marry Bishamber is not to be seen as her personal choice or rejection of a groom; it is to be seen as a complete rejection of the age-old patriarchal system that merely treats women as objects of transaction. The teacher’s role is not merely limited to academic lessons, but she stands as a powerful symbol of empathy and an agent of positive change in society through education. The teacher’s positive attitude towards Bholi instills in her the spirit of self-respect and dignity, which helps her to navigate a space for herself that was denied to her for years by her family and society. Bholi’s rejection of the bridegroom at the ‘Mandap’ in an orthodox society is a powerful and dramatic climax wherein one witnesses a girl’s confrontation against societal constraints. Education helps her to choose her own path and navigate personal freedom for herself and thus she becomes the embodiment of a dutiful daughter.
Performance Optimization of Fronthaul Links to Satisfy Stringent URLLC Latency and Jitter Constraints
Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) is a key service category in 5G and beyond networks, enabling mission-critical applications such as industrial automation, autonomous systems, and real-time control. Achieving stringent latency and jitter requirements for URLLC services places significant demands on fronthaul networks, where variable delays and congestion can severely impact performance. This paper presents a comprehensive performance optimization framework for fronthaul links designed to satisfy ultra-low latency and minimal jitter constraints. The proposed approach integrates URLLC-aware traffic modeling with advanced optimization techniques, including priority-based scheduling, time-sensitive networking, packet preemption, dynamic bandwidth allocation, and precise time synchronization. Extensive performance evaluation under diverse network configurations and traffic load scenarios demonstrates substantial reductions in end-to-end latency and delay variation while maintaining high reliability and efficient resource utilization. The results confirm that the optimized fronthaul architecture consistently meets URLLC service level requirements, even under high network load conditions. This study highlights the importance of deterministic networking and adaptive resource management in fronthaul design and provides a scalable solution for supporting stringent URLLC performance demands in next-generation wireless networks.
An Optimized Rectenna and Impedance Matching Framework for Enhanced RF-to-DC Power Conversion
This paper presents an optimized rectenna and impedance matching framework aimed at maximizing RF-to-DC power conversion efficiency for low-power energy harvesting applications. The proposed approach emphasizes joint optimization of the receiving antenna, nonlinear rectifier, and impedance matching network to ensure efficient power transfer under varying input power and frequency conditions. A high-gain antenna is designed to operate across commonly used RF energy harvesting bands, while low-threshold rectifier topologies and carefully tuned LC matching networks are employed to mitigate rectifier nonlinearity and impedance mismatch. Comprehensive electromagnetic–circuit co-simulations and experimental evaluations are conducted to validate the proposed framework. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in DC output voltage and RF-to-DC conversion efficiency, achieving a maximum efficiency of 66.4% at an input power of −5 dBm with excellent impedance matching characteristics. The findings confirm that integrated rectenna optimization and adaptive impedance matching are critical for efficient RF energy harvesting, making the proposed framework suitable for powering low-power wireless sensors and Internet of Things devices.
Land Ownership Patterns, Land Use Dynamics and Agricultural Practices in Mahendergarh District, Haryana: A Geographical Analysis
The present study examines the patterns of land ownership, land use classification and agricultural production systems in Mahendergarh district of Haryana. The study highlights the predominance of small and marginal land holdings, resulting primarily from inheritance-based land fragmentation, which significantly affects agricultural productivity and sustainability. It also explores the changing dynamics of urban and semi-urban land ownership driven by urbanization, infrastructure development and institutional land allocation. The research analyzes operational land holdings by size groups, land use patterns, irrigation practices, cropping systems and crop production trends in the district. Particular emphasis is placed on major cropping systems such as Cotton–Wheat, Pearl Millet–Mustard and Rice–Wheat, along with the production of pulses like gram and moong. The study further discusses the impact of legal frameworks, government policies and socio-economic factors on land management and agricultural development. The findings reveal that while smaller holdings dominate land distribution, challenges such as land disputes, soil degradation, water scarcity and declining cultivable land require sustainable land management strategies, land consolidation and improved agricultural practices to enhance productivity and ensure long-term environmental sustainability.
हिंदी और पंजाबी दलित आत्मकथाओं में परंपरा, विकास एवं साहित्यिक रूपों का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन
दलित आत्मकथात्मक लेखन भारतीय साहित्य में एक महत्वपूर्ण साहित्यिक तथा सामाजिक-राजनीतिक विधा के रूप में उभरा है, जो जाति-आधारित हाशियाकरण, प्रतिरोध और आत्म-अभिव्यक्ति के अनुभूत अनुभवों को केंद्र में रखता है। यह शोध-पत्र हिंदी और पंजाबी दलित आत्मकथाओं का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन प्रस्तुत करता है, जिसमें उनकी परंपरा, ऐतिहासिक विकास तथा साहित्यिक रूपों पर विशेष ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया है। दलित साहित्य सिद्धांत, अधीनस्थ अध्ययन तथा आत्मकथा एवं जीवन-लेखन सिद्धांतों के आधार पर यह अध्ययन इस बात का विश्लेषण करता है कि किस प्रकार व्यक्तिगत जीवन-वृत्त सामूहिक साक्ष्य और प्रतिपक्षी इतिहास के रूप में कार्य करते हैं, जो प्रभुत्वशाली जाति-केंद्रित साहित्यिक और ऐतिहासिक विमर्शों को चुनौती देते हैं। तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि जहाँ हिंदी दलित आत्मकथाएँ यथार्थवादी और संघर्षशील कथन-शैली के माध्यम से संस्थागत भेदभाव और राजनीतिक आत्म-दावा प्रस्तुत करती हैं, वहीं पंजाबी दलित आत्मकथाएँ कृषि-जीवन, सांस्कृतिक स्मृति और सामुदायिक इतिहास में निहित अधिक चिंतनशील और संवादात्मक दृष्टि को अपनाती हैं। यह शोध तर्क प्रस्तुत करता है कि दलित आत्मकथाएँ केवल व्यक्तिगत आत्म-प्रतिनिधित्व तक सीमित न रहकर सांस्कृतिक प्रतिरोध और सामाजिक आलोचना के सशक्त माध्यम बनती हैं, जिससे आत्मकथा भारतीय साहित्य में एक सामूहिक, नैतिक तथा राजनीतिक रूप से महत्त्वपूर्ण विधा के रूप में पुनर्परिभाषित होती है।
Artificial Intelligence for Congestion Detection and Control in Cognitive Radio Networks
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) have emerged as a promising solution to address spectrum scarcity by enabling dynamic spectrum access and intelligent spectrum management. However, the increasing number of secondary users and dynamic spectrum allocation often lead to network congestion, interference, packet loss, and degraded Quality of Service (QoS). Traditional congestion control mechanisms in CRNs are mostly reactive and fail to adapt efficiently to rapidly changing network conditions. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based framework for congestion detection and control in Cognitive Radio Networks. The approach utilizes machine learning techniques to monitor network parameters such as spectrum utilization, channel occupancy, queue length, packet arrival rate, and transmission delay. By analyzing these parameters, the AI model accurately detects congestion levels and predicts potential network overload situations. Based on the predicted congestion state, adaptive spectrum allocation and intelligent routing strategies are implemented to minimize interference and balance traffic load among available channels. Results demonstrate that the AI-based congestion control framework significantly improves Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), reduces end-to-end delay, lowers packet loss, and enhances overall spectrum efficiency compared to traditional CRN congestion control techniques. The integration of AI enables proactive decision-making and dynamic resource optimization, making the proposed system highly suitable for next-generation wireless communication environments.
Examining the Influence of Hybrid Work Arrangements on Job Satisfaction and Work–Life Balance among Women Professionals in the IT
The workplace has undergone substantial transformation in recent years, resulting in the rapid expansion of hybrid work arrangements, particularly within the Information Technology (IT) sector. This study investigates how the hybrid work model influences job satisfaction and work–life balance among women professionals employed in IT companies located in the Haryana NCR region. The primary objectives are to explore the underlying dimensions of the hybrid work model, analyze its association with job satisfaction and work–life balance, and assess its overall effect on these outcomes. The research is grounded in primary data collected from 600 women professionals working in prominent IT organizations. A structured questionnaire was used as the main instrument for data collection. The study adopted a descriptive research design, and various statistical techniques—including Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Pearson’s Correlation, Multiple Regression Analysis, and Multivariate Analysis—were applied to interpret the data and test the proposed relationships. The results demonstrate that the hybrid work model is not a single-dimensional concept but comprises four key components: Positive Work Reflection, Workplace Flexibility, Work Contact, and Job Security & Organisational Environment. Statistical analysis reveals a moderate and significant positive correlation between the hybrid work model and job satisfaction (r = 0.511), as well as between the hybrid work model and work–life balance (r = 0.501). Further, regression analysis shows that the hybrid work model significantly predicts job satisfaction (R² = 0.262) and work–life balance (R² = 0.251), indicating that a meaningful proportion of variance in these outcomes can be explained by hybrid work practices. The findings from multivariate analysis further confirm the combined and significant influence of the hybrid work model on both dependent variables. Overall, the study concludes that thoughtfully implemented hybrid work arrangements contribute positively to enhancing job satisfaction and strengthening work–life balance among women professionals in the IT industry. The results underscore the strategic value of flexible work systems in fostering employee well-being, improving engagement, and supporting organizational performance.
A Comparative Study of Parent–Child Relationship and Emotional Stability among School Students
The parent–child relationship is a fundamental factor influencing the emotional and psychological development of school students. Emotional stability is an essential attribute that enables students to manage stress, regulate emotions, and adapt effectively to academic and social demands. In the present educational context, increasing academic pressure and social challenges have intensified the need to examine factors contributing to students’ emotional well-being. The present study aims to comparatively examine the parent–child relationship and emotional stability among school students and to determine the nature of the relationship between these variables. A quantitative research approach was employed using a descriptive and comparative survey design. The sample consisted of 400 secondary school students selected through random sampling from government and private schools. Standardized tools were used to measure parent–child relationship and emotional stability. The collected data were analyzed using statistical techniques such as mean, standard deviation, t-test, and Pearson’s product moment correlation. The findings revealed a significant difference in emotional stability between students with high and low parent–child relationship levels. A positive and significant relationship was also found between parent–child relationship and emotional stability, indicating that students who experience supportive and positive parental interaction demonstrate higher emotional stability. The study highlights the importance of nurturing parent–child relationships and emphasizes the need for parental awareness, school-based counselling, and emotional education to promote students’ emotional well-being and holistic development.
आल्हा-उदल की सैन्य रणनीति और योद्धा चरित्र
अल्हा और ऊदल, बुंदेलखंड के वीर योद्धा, अपनी अद्वितीय सैन्य दक्षता और अटूट योद्धा भावना के लिए पूज्य माने जाते हैं। चंदेल वंश के प्रमुख सेनापति के रूप में, उनके युद्धों ने असाधारण रणनीतिक कुशलता का प्रदर्शन किया, जिसमें ’’गुरिल्ला युद्ध, जटिल युद्ध संरचनाएँ, और मनोवैज्ञानिक रणनीतियाँ’’ शामिल थीं, जो उनके सैन्य अभियानों में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती थीं। ’’साहस, निष्ठा और बलिदान’’ के प्रति उनकी अटूट प्रतिबद्धता ने उन्हें आदर्श ’’क्षत्रिय योद्धा’’ के रूप में प्रतिष्ठित किया, जिनकी विरासत आज भी लोककथाओं और ऐतिहासिक आख्यानों में जीवंत बनी हुई है। यह शोध पत्र ’’अल्हा और ऊदल द्वारा अपनाई गई सैन्य रणनीतियों’’ का गहन अध्ययन करता है, जिसमें उनके युद्ध कौशल और रणनीतिक चातुर्य को उजागर किया गया है। मध्यकालीन अभिलेखों और फारसी ग्रंथों जैसे ऐतिहासिक स्रोतों के साथ-साथ ’’अल्हा-खंड जैसी लोक परंपराओं’’ की समीक्षा करके, यह अध्ययन यह विश्लेषण करने का प्रयास करता है कि उनकी सैन्य रणनीतियाँ कितनी हद तक ऐतिहासिक वास्तविकता पर आधारित थीं। इसके अतिरिक्त, यह शोध उनके ’’सांस्कृतिक और क्षेत्रीय पहचान पर प्रभाव’’ को भी समझने का प्रयास करता है, क्योंकि उनके वीरता के किस्से आज भी ’’लोकगीतों, साहित्य और नाटकीय प्रस्तुतियों’’ में गूंजते हैं। उनकी कथाओं में इतिहास और पौराणिकता का मिश्रण एक अनूठी चुनौती प्रस्तुत करता है, जिससे वास्तविक सैन्य रणनीतियों और अतिशयोक्तिपूर्ण लोककथाओं के बीच अंतर करना कठिन हो जाता है। ’’यद्यपि उनके अस्तित्व को प्रमाणित करने वाले निश्चित पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य नहीं मिले हैं, किंतु बुंदेलखंड में उनकी वीरता की व्यापक मान्यता उनके ऐतिहासिक महत्व को दर्शाती है’’। उनके पराक्रम की गाथाएँ ’’क्षेत्रीय वीरता, संघर्ष, और सम्मान’’ की धारणाओं को आकार देने में सहायक रही हैं, जो मध्यकालीन भारतीय युद्ध परंपरा की विशेषता थी। इसके अलावा, यह अध्ययन यह मूल्यांकन करने का प्रयास करता है कि ’’आधुनिक काल में योद्धा आदर्शों और प्रतिरोध की धारणाओं’’ को उनकी विरासत ने किस प्रकार प्रभावित किया है। ऐतिहासिक विश्लेषण और सांस्कृतिक दृष्टिकोण को एकीकृत करके, यह शोध ’’अल्हा और ऊदल के मध्यकालीन युद्ध कला में योगदान’’ की व्यापक समझ प्रदान करता है। उनकी निरंतर प्रासंगिकता, लोक परंपराओं, क्षेत्रीय गौरव और ऐतिहासिक विमर्श में उनकी अमिट छवि को दर्शाती है। अंततः, ’’यद्यपि उनकी ऐतिहासिक प्रामाणिकता विद्वानों के बीच चर्चा का विषय बनी हुई है, फिर भी बुंदेलखंड के वीर योद्धाओं के रूप में उनकी प्रतिष्ठा निर्विवाद है’’, जो उन्हें भारतीय लोककथाओं और सैन्य इतिहास के ’’अनंत नायकों’’ के रूप में स्थापित करती है।
लक्ष्मी दीप्ति पटेल, डाॅ0 जितेन्द्र वर्मा
Managerial Challenges of Construction Managers in the Indian Construction Industry: A Theoretical Study
The Indian construction industry is a crucial pillar of the country's economic development, urbanization, infrastructure expansion, and industrial progress. The increasing complexity of construction projects, technological change, resource limitations, and multi-stakeholder involvement have made the role of construction managers extremely challenging. The objective of this theoretical paper is to analyze the key managerial challenges faced by construction managers in the Indian construction industry and to present a managerial approach to address them. The study is based on a conceptual analysis of secondary sources, management theories, and construction management literature. The study revealed that time and cost control, resource management, risk and uncertainty, stakeholder coordination, technological change, human resource leadership, and regulatory complexities are the key challenges facing construction managers. Along with technical proficiency, modern construction managers must develop leadership skills, effective communication skills, and strategic decision-making. The study also demonstrates that traditional control-based management approaches are shifting toward digital, collaborative, and innovation-based management systems. Research findings indicate that risk assessment systems, digital project management, stakeholder engagement, skill development, and a safety-oriented work culture are essential for the success of construction projects. This study provides a theoretical foundation for effective construction management in the Indian construction industry and highlights the need for sustainable and technology-driven construction management models in the future.
Ms. Nisha Saurabh Kumari, Dr. Praveen Ojha
FROM PROTECTION TO RIGHTS: INTERROGATING THE TRANSFORMATIVE POTENTIAL OF INDIA'S CONTEMPORARY DISABILITY LAW FRAMEWORK
This paper examines the evolution and contemporary structure of the Indian legal framework governing persons with mental disabilities, with particular emphasis on the transition from the paternalistic regime of the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 to the rights-based architecture under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 and the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017. The research interrogates whether this legislative transformation has substantively reconfigured legal capacity, access to healthcare, anti-discrimination protections and social inclusion for persons with mental disabilities, or whether it remains constrained by doctrinal inconsistencies and institutional inertia. Adopting a doctrinal and analytical methodology, the paper examines constitutional provisions, statutory frameworks and judicial precedents of the Supreme Court of India and various High Courts. It situates Indian developments within the normative influence of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), highlighting the shift from substituted decision-making to supported decision-making. The paper argues that while the 2016 and 2017 enactments represent a paradigmatic shift toward autonomy, dignity and equality, significant structural and doctrinal tensions persist particularly regarding guardianship, involuntary treatment and enforceability of socio-economic entitlements. The paper concludes by proposing targeted legislative harmonization, strengthened institutional accountability and deeper constitutionalization of disability jurisprudence to realize the transformative promise of India's contemporary disability framework.
Yoga-Inspired Innovations in Odissi Dance Choreography
Odissi, one of India’s oldest surviving classical dance traditions, is rooted in sculptural geometry, devotional expression, and embodied spirituality. Parallel to this, Yoga offers a sophisticated system of physical alignment, breath regulation, and inner awareness. This paper explores how yogic principles and postural frameworks have inspired contemporary innovations in Odissi choreography without disturbing its traditional grammar. Through analysis of body alignment (asana), breath (pranayama), meditative focus (dharana), and energy flow concepts, the study demonstrates how Yoga enhances technical precision, expressive depth, and choreographic experimentation. The research argues that Yoga does not alter Odissi’s identity but strengthens its philosophical and kinesthetic foundations, creating a conscious, sustainable, and spiritually resonant performance practice. The paper proposes that Yoga-inspired choreography represents a return to pre-modern embodied knowledge systems rather than a modern hybridization, offering a sustainable and philosophically coherent pathway for contemporary Odissi practice.
Effect of Digital Literacy on Information Seeking Behaviour and User Satisfaction in Libraries: A Systematic Review”
The rapid growths of digital information resources has significantly transformed the way library users search for, access, and utilize information. In this context, digital literacy has become a crucial factor influencing information seeking behaviour and overall user satisfaction in libraries. The present study aims to systematically review existing research on information seeking behaviour and satisfaction of library users, with particular emphasis on the role of digital literacy and library services. A PRISMA 2020–based systematic review methodology was adopted to ensure transparency and methodological rigor. Relevant studies were identified from major academic databases, and a structured screening and eligibility process resulted in the selection of 25 peer-reviewed research articles for qualitative synthesis. The findings reveal that higher levels of digital literacy are strongly associated with more effective, independent, and diversified information seeking behaviour. Additionally, user satisfaction is influenced by factors such as accessibility of digital resources, ease of use of library systems, quality of library services, and availability of user education and training programs. The review highlights the importance of strengthening digital literacy initiatives in libraries to enhance user satisfaction and optimize the utilization of information resources. The study also identifies key research gaps and provides directions for future research in library and information science.
Motherhood and Economic Precarity: Household Survival, Social Reproduction, and Intergenerational Educational Aspirations Among Women Waste Pickers in Urban India
Women engaged in recyclable material collection constitute one of the most economically marginalized yet environmentally indispensable groups within India's expanding urban informal economy. Despite the substantial contribution to urban labor markets, where informality, gender inequality, biasness and economic vulnerability intersect. Although they play a major role in recycling systems, they are still excluded of formal labor protections and many other vulnerability and social security programs. This exclusion not only reinforces material insecurity always but also perpetuates institutional invisibility and lack of concern within municipal governance systems. This study investigates between motherhood interacts with financial instability to influence family strategies for survival and the educational goals passed down through generations. By situating motherhood at the analytical centre, the research illuminates the complex interplay between productive labor responsibilities and unpaid caregiving obligations within contexts of chronic economic insecurity. The study is based on primary survey data collected from 300 female waste pickers in urban India. Composite indices measuring Economic Precarity, Household Resilience, and Mobility Aspirations, were constructed using Likert-scale tools to capture multidimensional lived experiences. Reliability analysis, correlation, and multiple regression modelling reveal that economic precarity significantly reduces the perception of upward mobility, however maternal education levels and household resilience mechanisms significantly strenghten educational aspirations. These finding empirically validate resilience as a moderating factor within conditions of structural disadvantage. The results indicate that motherhood operates at the same time as a place of structural weakness and as a source of transformative power. The study recommends the policy interventions focused on institutionals recognition systems and support educational programs across generations to disrupt patterns of inherited instability. Strengthening institutional inclusion and social security access may enable to social protection may contribute to more sustainable pathways for long-term mobility. In urban India, the informal economy plays a important role in the lives of waste pickers, particularly women who balance motherhood with their work. These individuals often demonstrate resilience in the face of economic instability, yet their ability to achieve upward mobility across generations remains limited. Addressing these layered constraints requires an integrated policy and research approach that recognizes both structural barriers and individual agency.
Cultural Identity and Diaspora Experience in the Works of Jhumpa Lahiri: A Critical Study
The paper is a critical reflection on how cultural identity and experience of diaspora in the works of Jhumpa Lahiri, one of the most influential contemporary writers of Indian-American literature is depicted. The main theme that Lahiri addresses in his fiction is the life of immigrants of India in the United States and its psychological, cultural and emotional complications resulting in migration. In a close analysis of key works like Interpreter of Maladies, The Namesake and Unaccustomed Earth, this paper will examine the theme of displacement, alienation, generation conflict, hybridity and search of belonging. The paper has argued that Lahiri describes cultural identity as not a fixed construct in that it is a dynamic and changing process, which is influenced by memory, migration and cross-cultural experiences. Through the emphasis on the tense relationship between the traditional and the modern values of the West, the works by Lahiri help to see the internal struggle of the diasporic subjects who can be located between two worlds. After all, this paper shows that the stories by Lahiri provide an in-depth account of how hybrid identities develop and how the issues of selfness are being constantly negotiated in the context of the diasporic state.
A Study On Role Of Municipality In Tax Collection And Administration In Sira Town
Municipal taxation plays a crucial role in strengthening local governance and ensuring effective delivery of public services. The present study, titled “A Study on the Role of Municipality in Tax Collection and Administration in Sira Town,” examines the efficiency, challenges, and administrative practices involved in municipal tax collection. The research highlights the importance of taxation as a primary source of revenue for municipalities to carry out developmental and welfare functions such as sanitation, infrastructure, water supply, and public health. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through structured interviews with 50 respondents, including municipal officials, elected representatives, and tax department personnel, using purposive sampling. Secondary data were gathered from official records, articles, books, and online sources. The findings indicate that while the municipality makes systematic efforts to mobilize revenue, challenges such as limited taxpayer awareness, administrative constraints, and collection inefficiencies affect overall performance. The research concludes that improving administrative efficiency, strengthening tax databases, enhancing transparency, and conducting taxpayer awareness programs can significantly improve revenue collection. The study emphasizes that effective municipal tax administration is essential for financial sustainability and for providing quality public services to residents of Sira Town.
Improving the Structural Efficiency of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular (CFST) Members
The concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) members are being applied more and more in the modern structural structures considering the high load carrying capacity, increased ductility, and effective composite behavior of the steel and concrete. The compression strength and the ability to compress the core of the concrete is greatly enhanced by the confinement offered by the steel tube, and the infill of concrete resists the buckling of the steel tube locally, leading to an excellent structural performance. The paper examines the ways of enhancing the structural effectiveness of CFST members through the examination of the impact of the most significant variables, which include cross-sectional geometry, tube thickness of steel, concrete strength, and the ratio of slenderness. Comparative and analytical estimations are also utilized to analyze the effectiveness of different improvement methods in the enhancement of material use and the general performance. It is revealed that the material property and the choice of section structure can substantially increase the load resistance, stiffness, and the energy absorption capacity. Another important point that the study makes is the drawback of the current offerings of the designs, and the requirements of abstracted design methods that would maximize the potential of the composite of CFST members in terms of safe, economical, and sustainable construction.
A Comparative Analysis of Gender Representation In Indian and Western Feminist Fiction
This paper provides a comparative study of feminist fiction in India and the West, including representation of women protagonists and issues, male characters, and theme, plot resolution, and resistance. A purposive sampling was used to select 20 feminist fiction texts (10 Indian and 10 Western) using a comparative qualitative content analysis approach and analyzed using frequency and percentages. The results indicate that both traditions pay a lot of attention to feminine-centered stories, but in Western feminist fiction there is more emphasis on the individual empowerment and self-identity, control over sex, and first-person narration. Conversely, Indian feminist fiction is more focused on the theme of patriarchy, domestic oppression, intersectionality, and collective opposition which is formed due to the socio-cultural reality. More male characters in Indian fiction are described through patriarchal figures of authority, whereas more supportive and multifaceted male characters are given in Western fiction. Moreover, Western feminist fiction gives more emphasis on independent narrative solutions and activism, but Indian feminist fiction indicates more realistic, unclear, and socially determined results. The paper comes to a conclusion that although both literary traditions criticize gender inequality and encourage female agency, their portrayal of gender is different due to a particular cultural, social and ideological background. This comparison study can be beneficial to feminist literary studies as it offers a more profound understanding of cross-cultural gender depiction and feminism.
Customer Satisfaction as a Mediator Between Brand Image and Customer Loyalty: Evidence from the Baby Products Industry
This study investigates the mediating role of customer satisfaction in the relationship between brand image and customer loyalty in the baby products industry. In a highly sensitive market where safety, trust, and quality are critical determinants of purchase decisions, understanding the mechanisms that convert positive brand perceptions into long-term loyalty is essential. The research adopts a quantitative approach using primary data collected from 110 respondents through a structured questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the direct and indirect relationships among the constructs. The findings reveal that brand image has a significant positive effect on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Moreover, customer satisfaction demonstrates the strongest direct influence on loyalty and partially mediates the relationship between brand image and customer loyalty. The results indicate that while a favorable brand image attracts customers, sustained loyalty is primarily achieved through satisfying product experiences. The study contributes to marketing literature by validating the mediating mechanism of customer satisfaction in a high-involvement product category. Managerially, the findings emphasize the importance of consistent product quality, safety assurance, and customer-centric strategies to enhance long-term brand loyalty in the baby products market.
Gandhian Journalism: A Highway to Journalists’ Safety
Journalism has always played a crucial role in shaping public opinion, strengthening democracy, and ensuring accountability of power. However, the profession of journalism is increasingly becoming dangerous due to political pressure, misinformation, violence against reporters, and ethical crises within media institutions. In this context, Gandhian philosophy offers a relevant framework for ethical and safe journalism. Mahatma Gandhi, besides being a freedom fighter and social reformer, was also an influential journalist who edited newspapers such as Indian Opinion, Young India, Navajivan, and Harijan. His journalism was rooted in principles of truth (Satya), non-violence (Ahimsa), service to society, moral responsibility, and simplicity. Gandhi believed that the primary aim of journalism was public service and moral education rather than profit or sensationalism. This research paper examines the concept of Gandhian journalism and evaluates how its ethical principles can contribute to improving the safety of journalists in the modern media environment. The paper argues that adherence to Gandhian values—truthfulness, responsibility, peace-oriented reporting, and public welfare—can reduce hostility toward journalists and build trust between the media and society. Through theoretical analysis and historical examples, the study demonstrates that Gandhian journalism offers a constructive path toward safer and more ethical media practice. The paper concludes that incorporating Gandhian ideals in contemporary journalism education, policy frameworks, and newsroom practices can help strengthen press freedom while ensuring the security and credibility of journalists.
A STUDY ON THE TOP ORGANIC FOOD COMPANIES IN INDIA
The global arcade notices frequent transfers in the creation and consumption practices, chiefly due to growing environmental awareness and increasing inclination towards safeguarding current choices. There is a balanced move in the direction of the sustainability in many areas alike Energy, housing, clothing agriculture, personal care, tourism etc. The one known zone is food production sector where the wide usage of fertilizers and pesticides unfavorably impact our atmosphere and it is also impacting the health of the people. So the growth of the organic food sector has taken place. Organic food avoids the usage of pesticides chemicals and hormonal injections. Due to the variety of reasons organic food has developed extensive support, which has unintended stretched in the local as well as global sustainable food market. This writing assembles the important specifics linked to the Indian companies producing organic food as per the list of IMARC report. This editorial also includes the analysis of the operating income of the top companies deal in organic food products.
उपनिवेषिक कालीन भारत में अकालों का विवेचनात्मक अध्ययन
उपनिवेष काल (1757-1947) में भारत वर्ष में बहुत से अकाल पड़े, इन अकालों ने उत्तर भारत को भी प्रभावित किया। भारत में पड़ने वाले प्रमुख अकालों में 1770, 1783-84, 1837-38, 1860-61, 1868-69, 1876-78, 1896-97, 1899-1900, 1907-08, 1918-20, 1943 थे। उपनिवेषिक काल में उत्तर-पष्चिम भारत विशेषकर पंजाब, राजपूताना क्षेत्र में अकाल एक गंभीर समस्या थी, जो ब्रिटिष नीतियों और प्राकृतिक कारणों और प्रभाव से उत्पन्न हुई।
Use of photosensitive compounds in solar cells for generation of electrical energy
This need to ensure that more people can utilize the renewable energy has increased research into effective conversion technologies of the solar energy. This paper focuses on the use of the photosensitive compounds in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) in electrical energy generation. Three types of photosensitive materials that were used to measure the photovoltaic activity on which the experimental research design was adopted are as follows: the non-metallic anthocyanin dyes, organic dye sensitizers and the metal complex ruthenium-based dyes. The fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrates were applied to produce dye-sensitized solar cells using the application of nanostructured TiO 2 photoanode and iodide/triiodide electrolyte. The photovoltaic features were measured under standard conditions of illumination (AM 1.5, 100mW/cm 2). The parameters were open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, fill factor, power conversion efficiency and others. The result showed that ruthenium based dye had the highest value of light harvesting efficiency of 86 and power conversion efficacy of 8.7 at which organic dye had 6.9 percent efficiency, and lastly, natural dye had a 4.1 percent efficiency. The other feature that reflected that ruthenium dyes were stable enough to retain up to 92 percent of efficacy remained despite being exposed to light (120 hours) was the stability analysis. It offers the worth of the photosensitive materials in improving the efficiency of the solar cells and completes the design of the better-performing dyesensitiveolar technologies.