International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT)
The International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) is a peer-reviewed-refereed, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research across a broad spectrum of academic disciplines. Established in 2024, the journal aims to provide a platform for scholars, researchers, and professionals from various fields to share their innovative findings and contribute to global knowledge. Journal particulars: Title: International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) ISSN: 3048-9458 Impact Factor: 7.2 Frequency: Quarterly (4 issues per year) Publisher: Publication and Advance Research Welfare Society Publication Place: Hisar, Haryana Publisher Email: ijarmtjournal@gmail.com Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Anjali Khokhar Copyright: Remain Journal Starting Year: 2024 Main Subject: Multidisciplinary Language: English & Hindi Publication Format: Online (Open Access) Website: https://ijarmt.com
Publication and Advance Research Welfare Society
पर्यावरण प्रदूषण के क्षेत्र में गुरु जंभेश्वर का योगदानः एक अध्ययन
गुरु जम्भेश्वर जी, जिन्हें जम्भोजी के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, का जन्म 1451 ईस्वी में नागौर जिले के पीपासर में पंवार गोत्र के एक दूरदराज के राजस्थानी राजपूत परिवार में हुआ था । उनके पिता का नाम लोहाट जी पंवार और माता का नाम हंसा बाई था। जम्भोजी ने 27 साल जंगल में अकेले बैठकर, ध्यान करते हुए बिताए । उन्होंने 1485 में राजस्थान के बीकानेर जिले के नोखा के पास धोरा गांव में बिश्नोई संप्रदाय की स्थापना की। उनकी शिक्षाएं काव्य रूप में थीं, जिन्हें शब्दवाणी के नाम से जाना जाता है। उनकी शिक्षाएं 29 सिद्धांतों और 120 शब्दों में शामिल हैं । उनतीस सिद्धांतों में से आठ पर्यावरण, जैव विविधता, पारिस्थितिकी की सुरक्षा के लिए सख्त दिशानिर्देश हैं और साथ ही वे अच्छी पशुपालन और जीवित चीजों के प्रति दया की भावना को प्रेरित करते हैं। ये सिद्धांत जानवरों को मारने, हरे पेड़ काटने, बैलों की नसबंदी पर सख्ती से रोक लगाते हैं, और सभी जीवों के संरक्षण को प्रेरित करते हैं। जम्भोजी ने अपने दिमाग का इस्तेमाल किया और पर्यावरण संरक्षण के आंदोलन को धार्मिक दर्शन में बदल दिया। वर्तमान समय में जब दुनिया पर्यावरणीय संकट का सामना कर रही है, तो जम्भोजी की शिक्षाएं बहुत महत्वपूर्ण साबित होती हैं।
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भू राजस्व के विशेष संदर्भ में भू राजस्व व्यवस्था का उदय और विकासः एक अध्ययन
प्राचीन भारत में एक सुव्यवस्थित भू राजस्व प्रथा विद्यमान थी जो राज्य की आय का प्रमुख स्त्रोत थी। इस अध्ययन का उदेश्य भारत में भू राजस्व के उदय और विकास की जांच करना है। वैदिक काल में, जमीन को ज्यादातर समुदाय की सम्पति समझी जाती थी, जबकि राजा उसके रक्षक के तौर पर काम करता था। इस सुरक्षा और प्रशासनिक कार्यों के बदले में, राजा खेती की उपज का एक हिस्सा इकट्ठा करता था, जिसे आमतौर पर भाग कहा जाता है। अर्थशास्त्र में कहा गया है कि भू राजस्व उपज का लगभग छठा हिस्सा कर के तौर पर लिया जाना चाहिए । इसी तरह, मनुस्मृति भी राजा को खेती की उपज का एक हिस्सा राजस्व के तौर पर लेने का अधिकार देती है। भू राजस्व व्यवस्था का विकास राजनितिक अधिकार , प्रशासनिक संगठन और खेती की पैदावार से करीब से जुड़ा था। इसने न सिर्फ राज्य की आर्थिक नींव का काम किया, बल्कि पुराने भारत के खेती के ढांचे और ग्रामीण समाज को बनाने में भी अहम भूमिका निभाई।
THE IMPACT OF ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS ON INDIAN GOVERNANCE
Administrative tribunals in India are quasi-judicial bodies created to provide speedy, expert, and relatively inexpensive adjudication of disputes arising primarily from the expanding administrative state. Constitutionally anchored in Articles 323A and 323B and implemented through the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, they were intended to reduce judicial backlog, professionalize adjudication in specialized areas such as service law and taxation, and enhance administrative accountability. This paper analyzes the origin, structure, functioning, and impact of administrative tribunals—particularly the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) and State Administrative Tribunals (SATs)—on Indian governance, drawing on doctrinal developments, empirical assessments, and critical scholarship. It argues that tribunals have made a significant but uneven contribution to efficiency and access to justice, while also generating enduring concerns about independence, constitutionalism, and institutional design.
Dietary Patterns and Vitamin B12–Folate Axis in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Analysis
Introduction: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder that occurs during pregnancy. GDM has been related to adverse maternal and child health. Dietary patterns and levels of micronutrients such as vitamin B12 and folate have been identified as key modifiable risk factors for GDM. However, there has been little research on the combined impact of these factors, particularly in Indian women. Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional study design was followed among a sample of 200 pregnant women, comprising 100 GDM and 100 non-GDM pregnant women. The study participants were recruited from the districts of Kurukshetra and Karnal. Data collection was conducted based on socio-demographic variables, dietary intake by the use of a 24-hour recall method and food frequency method, and biochemical variables such as vitamin B12 and folate levels. Results: The GDM subjects had significantly higher energy, carbohydrate, and fat intakes, whereas they had lower folate and vitamin B12 intakes. The GDM subjects also had lower fruit, dairy product, and green leafy vegetable intakes, whereas they had higher cereal and sweet food intakes. The prevalence of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies was higher in GDM women. High BMI, lower vitamin B12, lower folate, higher carbohydrate, and lower fruit intakes were significant predictors of GDM, as confirmed by logistic regression analysis. Discussion: The findings of the study, therefore, suggest that dietary imbalance, as well as deficiencies of various micronutrients, contribute to the development of GDM. The interaction of vitamin B12 and folate levels may affect metabolic pathways, leading to insulin resistance. Nutritional imbalance, therefore, adds to the risk of developing GDM. Conclusion: It is observed that there is a strong association between dietary habits, micronutrients, and GDM risk. Improvement of dietary quality and adequate intake of vitamin B12 and folate may be helpful in reducing the burden of GDM. Nutritional interventions and screening of micronutrients should be undertaken to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
Opportunities and Challenges of Hollow Core Fiber Deployment in India
As the telecommunications backbone of India rapidly scales to support expansive 5G/6G rollouts, high-frequency financial trading networks, and the explosive growth of AI-driven hyperscale data centers, our reliance on conventional single-mode fiber (SMF) faces physical limitations. Hollow Core Fiber (HCF), which guides light through an air-filled or vacuum core rather than solid silica glass, represents a paradigm shift in optical networking. This paper evaluates HCF's technical maturity, assessing its strategic opportunities for operations in India against formidable deployment barriers, such as a 50-100x cost premium, highly specialized splicing requirements, and a high terrestrial disruption environment. A phased deployment strategy tailored to the Indian telecom landscape is outlined.
सरस्वती नदी बेसिन की सभ्यतागत: एक विश्लेषण
प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र सरस्वती नदी बेसिन की सभ्यतागत एवं सांस्कृतिक विरासत का ऐतिहासिक, पुरातात्विक एवं वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण से विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। सरस्वती नदी भारतीय सभ्यता की उत्पति, विकास और सांस्कृतिक निरन्तरता में केन्द्रीय भूमिका निभाने वाली नदी रही है। वैदिक साहित्य में इसे ‘‘नदितमा’’, ‘‘अंबितमे’’ और ‘‘देवीतमे’’ जैसे विश्लेषणों से संबोधित किया गया है, जो इसके भौगोलिक, धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक महत्व को स्पष्ट करते हैं। सरस्वती नदी बेसिन सिंधु-सरस्वती (हड़प्पा) सभ्यता का प्रमुख क्षेत्र रहा है , जहाँ सुव्यवस्थित नगर योजना, उन्नत जल निकासी प्रणाली, कृषि-आधारित अर्थव्यवस्था, शिल्प एवं व्यापार के प्रमाण प्राप्त होते हैं। राखी गढ़ी, कालीबंगा, बनवाली, फरमाना एवं अन्य पुरातात्विक स्थल इस क्षेत्र की विकसित सामाजिक-आर्थिक संरचना को रेखांकित करते हैं। आधुनिक वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधानों - विशेषतः उपग्रह चित्रण, भू-वैज्ञानिक सर्वेक्षण एवं पेलियों-चैनल अध्ययन से यह सिद्ध हुआ है की सरस्वती नदी का विस्तार प्रवाह क्षेत्र था, जो वर्तमान घग्गर-हकरा नदी प्रणाली से संबद्ध रहा है। इस प्रकार यह शोध-पत्र सरस्वती नदी बेसिन को भारतीय सभ्यता की एक मूलभूत सांस्कृतिक धरोहर के रूप में स्थापित करता है।
CSR AS A DRIVER OF BRAND VALUE: EVIDENCE FROM INDIAN CORPORATES LISTED ON THE BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now a key component of modern business strategy, as it considers both the business side and the company's overall growth. More and more businesses are realising that corporate social responsibility (CSR) is important for promoting ethical business practices and long-term growth. CSR is essential because it ensures that businesses do the right thing, contribute to the economy's growth, and make the world a better place. This helps meet the needs of stakeholders and also fosters trust and a positive reputation. The Companies Act of 2013 in India stipulates that businesses must allocate a particular portion of their profits to corporate social responsibility (CSR). This makes it very important. This way, business goals can be more aligned with national goals, such as healthcare, education, and environmental sustainability. The findings indicate that businesses that engage in CSR not only enhance their public image but also experience growth advantages, including increased revenue, improved risk management, and elevated employee retention rates. The article also discusses the challenges and limitations of implementing CSR programs. It emphasizes the importance of CSR aligning with the company's primary objectives and the need for collaboration among all stakeholders. The report concludes with guidance for businesses on how to leverage CSR for long-term success while meeting their financial needs, social obligations, and brand value.
The Impact Of Artificial Intelligence On Financial Reporting Accuracy And Fraud Detection: Evidence From Indian Banking Companies
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a revolutionary technology in the banking industry that has dramatically affected financial reporting systems and fraud detection systems. This study analyzes the effect of AI on the accuracy of financial reporting and efficiency in fraud detection in Indian banking firms through a quantitative research methodology. A structured questionnaire was used to gather primary data on 80 banking professionals and conduct an analysis based on the statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, weighted scores, correlation analysis, and ranking. The results indicate that AI is beneficial to financial reporting, by improving data consistency, error reduction, and enabling real-time processing, and enhancing fraud detection, using methods like pattern recognition, anomaly detection, and predictive analytics. The research also establishes some of the challenges such as expensive implementation, privacy of the data, and skills gaps, which influence the adoption of AI. In spite of these difficulties, the findings suggest that AI is critical in enhancing transparency, efficiency, and risk management in the banking systems. The research offers viable information to financial institutions and policymakers to facilitate the successful implementation of AI in the banking industry.
A Deep Learning Framework for Multi-Class Lung Disease Classification Using Chest X-Ray Images
Lung diseases are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and early detection plays a crucial role in effective treatment and diagnosis. Chest X-ray (CXR) imaging is one of the most widely used and cost-effective diagnostic tools for detecting lung abnormalities. However, manual analysis of large volumes of medical images can be time-consuming and prone to human error. To address this challenge, this study proposes a deep learning-based architecture for multi-class lung disease classification using chest X-ray images. The dataset used in this study is collected from the Kaggle repository and includes labeled images belonging to different lung disease categories such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, COVID-19, and normal cases. The proposed framework begins with image preprocessing techniques including grayscale conversion, resizing, normalization, and noise filtering to improve image quality and standardize the dataset. Subsequently, Region of Interest (ROI) extraction is performed to isolate the lung region and eliminate irrelevant background information, thereby enhancing feature learning. The processed dataset is divided into training and testing subsets using a 70:30 ratio. Several deep learning models including VGG16, VGG19, InceptionV3, ResNet50, and DenseNet201 are implemented for feature extraction and classification of lung diseases. These convolutional neural network architectures learn hierarchical features from the chest X-ray images through convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully connected layers. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using various statistical metrics such as Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity (Recall), F1-score, Kappa statistic, and Confusion Matrix. The experimental results demonstrate that deep learning models can effectively classify multiple lung diseases from chest X-ray images and assist in automated medical diagnosis. The proposed framework provides an efficient and reliable computer-aided diagnostic system that can support healthcare professionals in early detection and decision-making for lung disease diagnosis.
भारत विभाजन का पंजाब (हरियाणा) की ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था पर प्रभाव।
1947 का भारत विभाजन भारतीय इतिहास की एक अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण और दुखद घटना थी, जिसने देश की सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक संरचना को गहराई से प्रभावित किया। इसका प्रभाव केवल राष्ट्रीय स्तर तक सीमित नहीं रहा, बल्कि क्षेत्रीय स्तर पर भी इसके व्यापक परिणाम देखने को मिले। हरियाणा, जो उस समय अविभाजित पंजाब का हिस्सा था, विभाजन की इस प्रक्रिया से विशेष रूप से प्रभावित हुआ। विभाजन के परिणामस्वरूप बड़े पैमाने पर जनसंख्या का विस्थापन हुआ, जिसमें पश्चिमी पंजाब से आए शरणार्थियों ने हरियाणा के ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में आकर बसावट की। इस अचानक जनसंख्या परिवर्तन ने ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था की संरचना को पूरी तरह बदल दिया। इस शोध पत्र का मुख्य उद्देश्य 1947 के भारत विभाजन के परिणामस्वरूप हरियाणा की ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था में हुए परिवर्तनों का विश्लेषण करना है। अध्ययन में द्वितीयक स्रोतों जैसे ऐतिहासिक ग्रंथों, शोध लेखों, सरकारी रिपोर्टों तथा जनगणना आंकड़ों का उपयोग किया गया है। शोध का स्वरूप वर्णनात्मक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक है, जिसके माध्यम से विभाजन के आर्थिक प्रभावों को विभिन्न आयामों में समझने का प्रयास किया गया है। अध्ययन से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि विभाजन के कारण भूमि स्वामित्व के प्रतिरूप में महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन हुए, क्योंकि पाकिस्तान जाने वाले लोगों की भूमि का पुनर्वितरण शरणार्थियों के बीच किया गया। इसके अतिरिक्त, प्रारंभिक वर्षों में कृषि उत्पादन में अस्थिरता देखने को मिली, किंतु समय के साथ नई कृषि तकनीकों और श्रम शक्ति के आगमन से इसमें सुधार हुआ। ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में श्रम संरचना, उत्पादन प्रणाली और सामाजिक संबंधों में भी बदलाव आए, जिससे एक नई ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था का निर्माण हुआ।
Role of E-Commerce in Promoting Bastar Handicrafts: A Quantitative Study.
The rapid expansion of the digital economy has significantly transformed traditional modes of trade and commerce, offering new avenues for the promotion of indigenous industries. In this context, the present study investigates the role of e-commerce in promoting Bastar handicrafts through a quantitative analytical framework. The primary objective is to examine the impact of e-commerce adoption on market reach and sales performance, as well as to analyze the challenges hindering its effective utilization among artisans.The study is based on primary data collected from 200 respondents, including artisans and handicraft vendors, using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS, employing inferential tools such as the Chi-square test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results reveal a statistically significant association between e-commerce adoption and enhanced sales performance (χ² = 77.00, p < 0.05), indicating that digital platforms substantially improve market accessibility and economic outcomes. Furthermore, correlation analysis demonstrates a moderate negative relationship (r = -0.52) between adoption and prevailing challenges, suggesting that factors such as limited technical knowledge, inadequate infrastructure, and logistical constraints impede the effective integration of e-commerce.The findings underscore the dualistic nature of e-commerce as both an enabler of economic growth and a domain constrained by structural barriers. The study concludes that while e-commerce possesses significant potential to enhance the visibility and sustainability of Bastar handicrafts, targeted interventions focusing on digital literacy, infrastructural development, and policy support are essential to ensure inclusive participation.
STUDY OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCY OF YOUNG AGE AND MIDDLE AGE PROFESSIONALS IN RELATION TO THEIR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
This study aimed to investigate the connection between young and middle-aged professional’s professional competency and physical activity. Purposive sampling was used to select 60 full-time professionals, who were then divided into two age groups: young (ages 25–35) and middle-aged (ages 36–45). The study used a comparative and correlational design. Physical activity levels were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), burnout was measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and professional competency was assessed using the Professionalization Scale. There were no discernible differences in burnout or professional competency between the age groups, according to statistical analysis. Additionally, there were no discernible relationships between professional competency, burnout, and physical activity. Professionals who engaged in a lot of physical activity had marginally higher competency scores, but the differences were not statistically significant. These results imply that professional competency may not be determined solely by age or level of physical activity. Additional influencing factors like job roles, mental health, and organizational environment should be investigated in future research.
A Relationship between Psychological Well-Being and Functional Fitness of Senior Citizens
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between psychological well-being and functional fitness among senior citizens. With the increasing ageing population, maintaining both physical capability and mental health has become essential for improving the quality of life in old age. The study aimed to determine whether functional fitness is associated with psychological well-being among senior citizens. Methods: The study employed a descriptive correlational research design. A sample of 120 senior citizens aged 60 years and above was selected from urban and rural areas of Haryana using a random sampling technique. Functional fitness was measured using the Senior Fitness Test developed by Rikli and Jones (2001), and psychological well-being was assessed using Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale (1989). Mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results of the study indicated a positive and significant relationship between functional fitness and psychological well-being among senior citizens. Individuals with higher functional fitness scores tended to report higher levels of psychological well-being. Conclusion: The study concluded that better functional fitness is associated with improved psychological well-being among senior citizens. Enhancing functional fitness through suitable activities and health programs may contribute to better mental health and overall well-being in later life.
“Barriers to Effective Agricultural Credit Delivery: A Study of Public Sector Banks in Haryana”
This study examines the barriers affecting the effective delivery of agricultural credit by public sector banks in Haryana and their implications for agricultural development. Agriculture, being a critical sector of the Indian economy, relies heavily on timely and adequate access to institutional credit for sustaining productivity and ensuring farmers’ income stability. Despite various government initiatives and financial inclusion programs, several operational and structural challenges continue to hinder the accessibility and efficiency of agricultural credit. The study adopts a quantitative research approach based on primary data collected from 588 farmers through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools, including descriptive analysis and multiple regression, are employed to identify key factors influencing credit delivery. The findings reveal that documentation delays, loan processing time, collateral requirements, awareness gaps, and high interest rates are the most significant constraints affecting farmers’ access to credit. The regression results further indicate that these variables collectively explain a substantial proportion of the variation in agricultural development outcomes. The study concludes that while public sector banks play a crucial role in agricultural financing, their effectiveness is limited by procedural inefficiencies and inadequate support systems. It suggests the need for simplifying processes, improving awareness programs, enhancing institutional responsiveness, and leveraging technology to strengthen credit delivery mechanisms and promote sustainable agricultural development in Haryana.
परशुराम शुक्ल की बाल कहानियों में अभिव्यक्त समाज और संस्कृति
साहित्य समाज का दर्पण है, समाज में जो घटित होता है, उसका प्रतिबिम्ब साहित्य में दिखाई देता है। जीवन की वास्तविकता को साहित्यकार सदैव लिखता रहा है। हमारी वर्तमान पीढ़ी को भविष्य में आने वाली पीढ़ी से जोड़ने की कड़ी बच्चे होते हैं। बाल-साहित्य, हिंदी साहित्य की एक सशक्त विद्या है। बाल-साहित्य बच्चों को केंद्र में रखकर लिखा जाने वाला साहित्य है। यह साहित्य प्राचीन काल से लेकर आधुनिक काल तक निरन्तर लिखा जा रहा है। स्वतन्त्रता से पूर्व बाल-साहित्य को दोयम दर्जे का साहित्य समझकर बड़े-बड़े साहित्यकार इसे लिखने से कतराते थे, लेकिन वर्तमान में बाल-साहित्य को बड़े से बड़ा लेखक भी लिखकर अपने को गौरवान्वित अनुभव करता है। वर्तमान में अनेक साहित्यकार बाल-साहित्य लिख रहे हैं। कुसुम डोमाल, प्रमाश मनु, हरिकृष्ण देवसरे, सुरेन्द्र विक्रम, मनोज कुमार आदि इन बाल-साहित्यकारों में एक प्रमुख नाम डॉ॰ परशुराम शुक्ल का भी है।
दुर्ग जिले (छत्तीसगढ़) के जल संसाधनों का बहुआयामी विश्लेषण
यह शोध पत्र छत्तीसगढ़ के दुर्ग जिले के सतही और भू-जल संसाधनों की वर्तमान स्थिति का मूल्यांकन करता है। शिवनाथ नदी बेसिन पर आधारित यह क्षेत्र औद्योगिक और कृषि प्रधान है। अध्ययन में पाया गया कि पिछले दशक में औसत वर्षा 1084 { mm} रही है, लेकिन तीव्र शहरीकरण के कारण भू-जल स्तर में 0.5 m/year} की गिरावट दर्ज की गई है।
Bridging the Employability Gap: The Importance of English Communication Skills for Engineering Graduates
The employability of engineering graduates has become a significant concern in the modern job market, where technical proficiency alone is no longer sufficient. This study explores the critical role of English communication skills in enhancing the employability of engineering graduates. In a globalized and competitive professional environment, employers increasingly seek candidates who possess not only technical knowledge but also the ability to communicate effectively in English. The research is based on secondary data collected from academic journals, industry reports, and previous studies focusing on employability and communication skills. The findings indicate that a lack of proficiency in English communication is one of the primary barriers preventing engineering graduates from securing employment, despite having strong technical backgrounds. Skills such as verbal communication, written communication, presentation ability, and interpersonal interaction significantly influence hiring decisions. The study also highlights that engineering curricula often emphasize technical training while neglecting soft skills development, thereby widening the employability gap. Furthermore, the research suggests that integrating communication skill training into engineering education can substantially improve job readiness. It emphasizes the need for structured language programs, industry-academia collaboration, and practical exposure through presentations and group discussions. The study concludes that English communication skills are not merely supplementary but essential for professional success, making them a key factor in bridging the employability gap among engineering graduates.
Exploring the Role of Yoga, Meditation, Spirituality and Sports in Mental Health
The issue of mental health has become rather pressing in today’s world, with stress, anxiety, and depression rates increasing steadily. The paper analyzes ways in which yoga, meditation, spirituality, and sports can be used jointly as holistic tools to enhance mental well-being. Using literature review and theoretical approaches from various disciplines, the paper develops a conceptual framework incorporating all four factors mentioned above and exploring their impacts individually and collectively on psychological state. Based on a descriptive and analytical method, the study is conducted by analyzing secondary data through correlation, regression, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).
Dr Anil Kumar Bhardwaj, Sushant Jha, Ms. Manisha Chouhan, Dr. Samir Thakur
LC–MS/MS-BASED APPROACHES FOR METABOLITE IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF VONOPRAZAN: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Vonoprazan is a potassium-competitive acid blocker (P‑CAB) that has rapidly emerged as an alternative to proton pump inhibitors for the management of acid‑related disorders and Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Its extensive hepatic metabolism via cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and sulfotransferases generates several major metabolites, including M‑I, M‑II, M‑III, and the sulfate conjugate M‑IV‑Sul, which have important implications for efficacy, safety, and drug–drug interaction (DDI) risk. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) has become the method of choice for quantitative determination of vonoprazan and its metabolites in biological matrices and for structural elucidation in in vitro and in vivo metabolism studies. This review summarizes LC–MS/MS-based bioanalytical and metabolite identification approaches applied to vonoprazan, covering method development and validation in plasma, urine, liver microsomes and hepatocytes, strategies for simultaneous quantification of parent drug and multiple metabolites, and applications in pharmacokinetic, bioequivalence and DDI studies. Particular emphasis is placed on multiple‑reaction monitoring (MRM) methods, sample preparation workflows, regulatory validation parameters, and emerging trends such as green analytical chemistry and stable‑isotope internal standards. Finally, current gaps and future directions are discussed, including the need for more comprehensive metabolite profiling in humans, standardized reporting of metabolite exposure, and integration of LC–MS/MS data into mechanistic modeling frameworks.
RECENTLY APPROVED ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS BY FDA AND METABOLITE CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES USING LC/MS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a significant global health burden, with over 38 million Americans currently affected. The FDA has approved nearly 60 antidiabetic agents, with continuous expansion of therapeutic options including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), and novel co-agonists. This review synthesizes recent FDA approvals in antidiabetic therapeutics (2023-2025), with particular emphasis on GLP-1 RAs, SGLT2 inhibitors, and emerging combination therapies. Additionally, this paper comprehensively discusses the role of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) in metabolite identification and characterization studies, including FDA compliance protocols and method validation guidelines. The review highlights key regulatory considerations, including GLP status, bioanalytical method validation parameters, and metabolite profiling strategies relevant to drug development. This work synthesizes current literature, regulatory guidance, and clinical data to provide a comprehensive understanding of modern antidiabetic drug development and metabolite assessment methodologies.
Psychosocial Influences on Compulsive Facebook Habits: Personality Meets Self-Perception
Background: An increasing number of people are seeing the detrimental effects of Facebook use on their mental health and ability to interact socially, a phenomenon known as problematic Facebook use (PFU). Perceived social acceptability, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and personality characteristics are major factors in determining whether Facebook usage is excessive or maladaptive, according to previous studies. Method: This research followed the standard procedure for meta-analyses by conducting a systematic review. via the use of predetermined search terms, relevant studies were located via databases including Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. A total of 124 studies were considered after screening and eligibility evaluation. Using standardised methods and evaluation tools, data extraction and quality assessment were carried out. Results: According to the results, PFU is favourably correlated with narcissism, impulsivity, loneliness, and high levels of neuroticism, and negatively correlated with attributes like emotional stability and conscientiousness. Some of the characteristics that mediate the relationship between problematic use and low self-esteem and self-efficacy include social comparison, the need for external validation, and the fear of missing out (FoMO). People are more likely to participate in excessive online conversations when they believe they are socially acceptable to do so. Conclusion: A number of interrelated psychological and personality traits contribute to PFU's complexity. Those who are already emotionally and socially vulnerable may resort to this unhealthy coping method. In order to improve mental health and decrease harmful social media usage, it is important to address these variables via tailored treatments.
Phytochemical Profiling and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl Leaf Extracts
Medicinal plants represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic relevance, particularly in the management of inflammatory disorders. This study investigated the phytochemical profile and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. Leaves were collected from Bhopal, authenticated botanically, and extracted using infusion (aqueous) and Soxhlet (methanolic) methods. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed notable solvent-specific variation, with aqueous extracts containing tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, whereas methanolic extracts lacked tannins, saponins, and glycosides. Total phenolic content (TPC) was higher in the aqueous extract (0.0753 mg GAE/mL) compared to the methanolic extract (0.0718 mg GAE/mL), while total flavonoid content (TFC) was greater in the methanolic extract (0.4068 µg QE/mg) than the aqueous fraction (0.287 µg QE/mg). Anti-inflammatory potential assessed by the heat-induced protein denaturation assay demonstrated significant inhibition by the aqueous extract (42.16%) relative to the methanolic extract (6.32%), with aspirin showing 79.1% inhibition. The enhanced activity of the aqueous extract correlates with elevated phenolic-tannin presence and their known protein-stabilizing effects. Overall, the findings highlight S. indica as a promising source of natural anti-inflammatory agents and support the relevance of aqueous preparations in traditional medicine.
A Comparative Study of Body Composition among Middle-Aged Adults of Patiala
The current research was done to compare the body composition variables of middle-aged adults living in Patiala city. Body composition is one of the primary factors that predetermine overall health, which has an impact on physical fitness, metabolic efficiency and risk of disease. The variables were analyzed such as protein level, percentage of body water, percentage of fat, waist-hip ratio, height and skeletal mass. One hundred participants (50 men and 50 women) aged between 35 and 50 years were chosen by a simple random sampling method. A Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer (BIA), tape and stadiometer were used to collect data. The data was analyzed using statistical methods which included mean, standard deviation and independent t-test. The results indicated that there were very significant variations in fat percentage, skeletal mass, and waist-hip ratio among the male and female respondents. The research sheds light on the essence of a balanced body composition in the healthy state and offers practical information to fitness professionals and health practitioners.
Design and Simulation of Non-isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Vehicle Application
This paper presents the design and simulation of a non-isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter for electric vehicle (EV) applications, focusing on efficient energy transfer between the battery and DC bus. The proposed system integrates a battery energy storage unit with a bidirectional converter that operates in both buck mode (charging) and boost mode (discharging) to support vehicle operation and regenerative energy management. The model is developed and analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink using appropriate control strategies based on pulse width modulation (PWM). The performance of the system is evaluated under different operating conditions, including varying state of charge (SOC) levels, battery charging and discharging characteristics, DC link voltage stability, and load current response. The results demonstrate that the converter ensures smooth and efficient bidirectional power flow, with stable DC link voltage and minimal ripple. The SOC analysis confirms effective charging at lower levels and controlled charging near full capacity, preventing overcharging and enhancing battery life. During discharging, the system provides a consistent and reliable power supply to the load. the proposed non-isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter exhibits high efficiency, reliable operation, and effective energy management, making it suitable for electric vehicle applications, include battery management systems, regenerative braking, and auxiliary power support.
Development of a Grid-Connected PV–DFIG Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Advanced Control Strategies
This study presents the design and simulation of a hybrid renewable energy system developed in MATLAB/Simulink to enhance fault protection and ensure reliable power delivery. The proposed system integrates solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy sources to achieve efficient and stable power generation under varying environmental conditions. The solar subsystem is modeled using a PV array coupled with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms such as Hill Climbing Search (HCS) and Perturb and Observe (P&O) to maximize energy extraction. The wind subsystem is implemented using both Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) configurations for improved performance and flexibility. The generated power from both renewable sources is processed through power electronic converters and combined via a common DC-link, which acts as an energy buffer to maintain voltage stability and facilitate power balancing. The DC-link output is supplied to a DC/AC inverter that delivers controlled AC power to an asynchronous or synchronous motor. This motor is mechanically coupled to a generator, forming a Motor–Generator Pair (MGP) system that provides electrical isolation between renewable sources and the grid. This configuration enhances system protection by mitigating the impact of grid disturbances such as voltage sags, swells, and short circuits. Furthermore, the system incorporates advanced control strategies, including DC-link voltage regulation and a Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controller to improve dynamic response, stability, and robustness. In the DFIG-based configuration, the stator is directly connected to the grid, while the rotor is interfaced through a back-to-back converter consisting of a Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC), enabling independent control of active and reactive power along with DC-link voltage regulation. Additional components such as filters, measurement units, and fault control mechanisms are included to ensure power quality, accurate monitoring, and effective disturbance mitigation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid system significantly improves reliability, power quality, and fault tolerance, making it suitable for modern grid-connected renewable energy applications.
Grid Connected Hybrid Energy Storage Structure with Renewable Energy Sources
This study presents the design and analysis of a hybrid renewable energy system integrating multiple energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, and hydroelectric power along with advanced energy storage technologies including battery, hydrogen storage, and supercapacitor. The system is supported by a power conversion unit and controlled using an intelligent energy management system (EMS) to ensure efficient power flow and system stability. The proposed model utilizes converters and bidirectional energy flow to interact with the grid, enabling optimal utilization of generated and stored energy. A cooling system is also incorporated to maintain safe operating conditions of storage components. The system is analyzed under varying conditions to evaluate its performance in terms of reliability, efficiency, and stability. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid system effectively balances energy generation and consumption, reduces dependency on conventional sources, and ensures continuous power supply.
Public Policy Exception In Arbitration Law In India And The United Kingdom: A Comparative Analysis Of Judicial Interpretation And Its Impact On Commercial Certainty
The public policy exception in arbitration law is an important tool in protecting the upholding of basic principles of law, and at the same time creates difficulties in respect of finality and enforcement of arbitral awards. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the interpretation and application of this exception in India and the UK, and in relation to its consequences on commercial certainty. Using statutory provisions, case law, and other pertinent international instruments, the analysis reveals the differences in the approaches taken by the courts in the two jurisdictions. Although historically India adopted a broad and interventionist interpretation, especially by landmark cases which created the concept of patent illegality, recent legislative changes and judicial practice have made this much tighter, more in line with international norms. By contrast, the United Kingdom has always been a restrictive and pro-enforcement jurisdiction, with minimal intervention of the judiciary and finality of arbitral awards. Business certainty, investor trust, and the arbitration landscape as a whole have all been profoundly impacted by these competing approaches, the study finds. In order to preserve the credibility of legal systems and arbitration as an effective means of resolving disputes, it is recommended that the public policy exception be read with a sense of proportion and principle.
A Comparative study of Mental Health among Employed and Unemployed Young Technical Personnel
The Purpose of the present research paper is to highlight the mental health status of employed and unemployed young technical personnel who were recently employed and also on those who remain unemployed. Mental health status was measured by M.M.H.S.I. developed by Kumar and Thakur (1986). t-test was used to find out significant difference. Results obtained by t-test showed that young technical personnel who were employed have better mental health as compared to those who were not employed. Results were interpreted in terms of Indian sociocultural milieu.